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<div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Personal genomics, bioinformatics, and variomics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"> <br />
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</span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Jong Bhak<sup>1</sup>*, Ho Ghang<sup>1</sup>, Rohit Reja<sup>1</sup>, and Sangsoo Kim<sup>2</sup>*</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br />
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<strong><sup>1</sup></strong>KOBIC (Korean Bioinformation Center), KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. <strong><sup>2</sup></strong>Dept. of Bioinformatics, Soongsil Univ., Seoul 156-743, Korea.<br />
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*Correspondence to: E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"> <a href="mailto:jongbhaksskimb@yahoossu.ac.comkr"><font color="#0000ff000080">jongbhaksskimb@yahoossu.ac.comkr</font></a> Tel +82-422-879820-8500 0457 Fax +82-422-879824-8519 4383 or E-mail </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><a href="mailto:sskimbjongbhak@ssuyahoo.ac.krcom"><font color="#0000ff">sskimbjongbhak@ssuyahoo.ac.krcom</font></a> Tel +82-242-820879-0457 8500 Fax +82-242-824879-43838519</span></div><div align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br /></span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br />Abstract</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br />
There are at least five complete genome sequences available in 2008. It is known that there are over 15,000,000 genetic variants called SNPs in the dbSNP database. The cost of a full genome sequencing in 2009 will be claimed to be less than $5000 USD. The genomics era has arrived in 2008. This review introduces technologies, bioinformatics, genomics visions, and variomics projects. Variomics is the study of the total genetic variation in an individual and populations. Research on genetic variation is the most valuable among many genomics research branches. Genomics and variomics projects will change biology and the society so dramatically that biology will become an everyday technology as personal computers and the internet. 'BioRevolution' is the term that can adequately describe this change.<br />
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</span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br />
In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology on common people's life. PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them<div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a joural, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone. <br />
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</span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br />
</span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Cytochrome p450 family example</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br />
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes are responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs during phase I of drug metabolism. Structural and SNP variations of the genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolize certain drugs. Based upon this, a population can be categorized into four major types of drug metabolizers: </span></div>
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<div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div>
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<ul type="disc">
<li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Extensive metabolizers: The individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li>
