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From Biolecture.org
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In 2009, genome sequencing technologies will achieve one person's whole genome per day in terms of DNA fragments sequenced. Personal genomics is a new term that utilizes such fast sequencers. In 2008, the cost for one personal genome is less than $300,000 USD. If the cost goes down below $1,000 USD, the impact of personal genomics is predicted to be the largest ever in biology on common people's life. PGP (Personal Genome Project) is a project to sequence as many people as possible with low costs </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Church 2005)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Google Inc. and Church group are working together to sequence 100,000 people's genetic regions of DNA. In Saudi Arabia, the government is planning to sequence 100 Arabic people. In Europe, there are various groups of people and nations who have been genotyping the populations. Especially, Iceland has been successful in that effort by utilizing their well-kept genealogical data encompassing 100,000s people. In Asia, Jeongsun Seo of Seoul National University has been working on East Asia Genome Project in the past years. His group collected thousands of samples from Mongolian tribes with a gigantic genealogical tree among them
<div style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"><font size="2">(</font><a href="http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">http://www.macrogen.co.kr/eng/macrogen/state.jsp</font></a><font size="2">)</font></div>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(Park et al. 2008; Sung et al. 2008)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">. Seo is planning on sequencing at least 100 Korean genomes in collaboration with Church and Green Cross Inc. of Korea. The aim of Seo's genome project is to produce a resource for the East Asians as well as Koreans. He is presently sequencing at least two Korean people. In China, Beijing Genome Institute has been successful in terms of sequencing. Their first achievement came from a plant genome, rice. After rice, they launched a 99 Han Chinese genome sequencing project. In Nov. 2008, they published their first Chinese genome in a magazinejoural, Nature. In Dec. 2008, another Korean group Lee Gilyeo Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) made a Korean genome sequence public. The genome was sequenced by Solexa paired-end sequencer and comparative genomics analyses and SNP data were uploaded as a public resource for everyone. <br />
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</span><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Genome revolution </span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br />
Bioinformatics is the key in personal genome projects and variome projects. Bioinformatics is not a set of tools but it is a proper scientific discipline. It regards life as a gigantic information processing phenomenon and tries to map its components and to model the emerging networks of the components. Bioinformatics in 2008 is driving biology into an information science. Most biology researches are now with massive amount of data that cannot be processed by hand. Nearly all the biological research outcomes in the next five years will have some form of high throughput data such as genome sequences, microarray data, proteome analyses, SNPs, epigenome chips, and large scale phenotype mapping. Bioinformatics tools in genomics and variomics can be found from various internet resources. There are various bioinformatics hubs such as NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute), DDBJ (Databank of Japan), and KOBIC. Some others are: Bioinformatics Organization (<a href="http://bioinformatics.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://Bioinformatics.Org</font></a>), EMBnet (<a href="http://www.embnet.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.embnet.org/</font></a>), and The International Society for Computational Biology (<a href="http://iscb.org/"><font color="#0000ff">http://iscb.org</font></a>). The following are major bioinformatics journals:<br />
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<ul type="disc">
<li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Algorithms in <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Biology (http://www.almob.org/) </span></span></li>
<li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Molecular Systems Biology (http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html </span></li>
<li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">PLoS Computational Biology (<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action">http://www.ploscompbiol.org/home.action</a>)</span> </li>
<li style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications (http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalcode=ijbra)</span></li></ul><br />
<strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Sequencing DNA, Metagenomics, and Ecogenomics</span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><br />
Next generation sequencing methods are not only mapping genomes. They can be used to map the environment. It is called ecogenomics. Environment to humans can be various microbial, plant, and animal interactions around us. Especially, microbial interaction is critical to our health. Gut bacteria are natural environment to us. Metagenomics is a methodology that sequences the whole set of microbes in our food tract. Researchers are realizing that human genome is complemented by such environmental genomes. A new term, 'ecogenomics' is now used to describe these concepts. Metagenomics and ecogenomics are for mapping the variation of environmental genetic factors.<br />
