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<p><strong>Full genome <font color="#000000">sequencing (FGS)</font></strong><font color="#000000">, also known as <strong>whole genome sequencing</strong>, <strong>complete genome sequencing</strong>, or <strong>entire genome sequencing</strong>, is a laboratory process that determines the complete <font color="#0066cc">DNA</font> sequence of an organism's <font color="#0066cc">genome</font> at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's <font color="#0066cc">chromosomal</font> DNA as well as DNA contained in the <font color="#0066cc">mitochondria</font> or <font color="#0066cc">chloroplast</font>, depending respectively on whether the organism is an animal or plant. Almost any biological sample&mdash;even a very small amount of DNA or <font color="#0066cc">ancient DNA</font>&mdash;can provide the genetic material necessary for full genome sequencing. Such samples may include saliva, <font color="#0066cc">epithelial cells</font>, <font color="#0066cc">bone marrow</font>, hair (as long as the hair contains a <font color="#0066cc">hair follicle</font>), seeds, plant leaves, or anything else that has DNA-containing cells. Because the sequence data that is produced can be quite large (for example, there are approximately six billion <font color="#0066cc">base pairs</font> in each human diploid genome), genomic data is stored electronically and requires a large amount of computing power and storage capacity. Full genome sequencing would have been nearly impossible before the advent of the <font color="#0066cc">microprocessor</font>, <font color="#0066cc">computers</font>, and the <font color="#0066cc">Information Age.</font>.</p><p><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing should thus not be confused with <font color="#0066cc">DNA profiling</font>. The latter only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group and does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or suspectability on specific diseases. <sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></sup>. It is also distinct from <font color="#0066cc">SNP genotyping</font> which covers less than 0.1% of the genome. Almost all truly complete genomes are of microbes, the term &quot;full genome&quot; is sometimes used loosely to mean &quot;greater than 95%&quot;. The remainder of this article focuses on nearly complete human genomes.</font></p><p><font color="#000000">Full genome sequencing only refers to the laboratory process of deducing a person's entire genetic code and, on its own, may not contain any clinical assessment or useful clinical information. However, this may change over time as a large number of scientific studies continue to be published detailing clear associations between specific genetic variants and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17554300_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17898773_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></fontsup></supfont></p><p><font color="#000000">The first nearly complete human genomes sequenced were <font color="#0066cc">J. Craig Venter</font>'s (caucasian male at 7.5-fold average coverage) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17803354_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></font></sup> and <font color="#0066cc">James Watson</font>'s (caucasian male at 7.4-fold).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></sup>, a Han Chinese (YH at 36-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></font></sup>, a Yoruban from Nigeria (at 30-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></font></sup>, a female leukemia patient (at 33 and 14-fold coverage for tumor and normal tissues)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></font></sup>, and Seong-Jin Kim (Korean at 29-fold) <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></font></sup>. Other full genomes have been sequenced but not published, and as of June 2009, <font color="#0066cc">commercialization</font> of full genome sequencing is in an early stage and growing rapidly.</font></p> 

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<li><font color="#0066cc000000">DNA microarray</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc000000">DNA profiling</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc000000">Medical genetics</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc000000">Human Genome Project</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc000000">Personal Genome Project</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc000000">List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc000000">List of sequenced bacterial genomes</font></li> <li><font color="#0066cc000000">List of sequenced archaeal genomes</font></li>

<p><font color="#000000"><a id="References" name="References"><font color="#0066cc"></font></a></font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2>

<li><a class="external text" title="http://genomics.xprize.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomics.xprize.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Archon X Prize for Genomics</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/" rel="nofollow" href="http://jimwatsonsequence.cshl.edu/cgi-perl/gbrowse/jwsequence/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.illumina.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.illumina.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Illumina's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sequenom.com" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sequenom.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Sequenom's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.454.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.454.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">454 Life Science's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/index.php" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Pacific Biosciences' Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.completegenomicsinc.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Complete Genomics' Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.intelligentbiosystems.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.intelligentbiosystems.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Intelligent Bio-System's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.helicosbio.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.helicosbio.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Helicos BioScience's Website</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://genomecorp.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomecorp.com/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">Genome Corp's Website</font></a></li>