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== 2024.04.19 ==
 
=== P-value&nbsp; ===
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=== Log&nbsp; ===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_scale Logarithmic scales]&nbsp;reduce wide-ranging quantities to smaller scopes. For example, the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel decibel]&nbsp;(dB) is a&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurement unit]&nbsp;used to express&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(logarithmic_quantity) ratio as logarithms], mostly for signal power and amplitude (of which&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_pressure sound pressure]&nbsp;is a common example). In chemistry,&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH pH]&nbsp;is a logarithmic measure for the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid acidity]&nbsp;of an&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution aqueous solution]. Logarithms are commonplace in scientific&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula formulae], and in measurements of the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory complexity of algorithms]&nbsp;and of geometric objects called&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal fractals]. They help to describe&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency frequency]&nbsp;ratios of&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music) musical intervals], appear in formulas counting&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number prime numbers]&nbsp;or&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling's_approximation approximating]&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial factorials], inform some models in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysics psychophysics], and can aid in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_accounting forensic accounting].
The concept of logarithm as the inverse of exponentiation extends to other mathematical structures as well. However, in general settings, the logarithm tends to be a multi-valued function. For example, the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_logarithm complex logarithm]&nbsp;is the multi-valued&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_function inverse]&nbsp;of the complex exponential function. Similarly, the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_logarithm discrete logarithm]&nbsp;is the multi-valued inverse of the exponential function in finite groups; it has uses in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography public-key cryptography].<br/> <br/> full text link&nbsp;:&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm]<br/> &nbsp;
=== Likely hood&nbsp; ===
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