Essay

What is Model organism?

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

왜 MODEL ORGANISM 에 대해 ESSAY 쓰는지 

 

장점 

단점

 

 

Which characteristics are good for model organism?

1. Small, easy and cheap to maintain and manipulate

2. Short lifespan

3. Produce large numbers of offspring

4. Development is external

5. Availability of mutants

6. Lots of history/previous experiments and discoveries

7. Genome is sequenced

8. Homologues for with human disease genes are high percentage. 

9. Fewer ethical concerns

 

 

1. Viruses

Phage lambda / Phi X 174 / SV40 / T4 Phage / Tobacco mosaic virus / Herpes simplex virus

 

2. Prokaryotes

Bacillus subtilis / E.coli / Caulobacter crescentus / Mycoplasma genitalium / Aliivibrio fischeri / Synechocytis / Psedomonas fluorescens    

 

3. Eukaryotes

 

3 - 1. Protists

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / Dictyostelium discoideum / Tetrahymena thermophila  / Emiliania huxleyi  / Thalassiosira pseudonana 

3 - 2. Fungi

Ashbya gossypii / Aspergillus nidulans / Coprinus cinereus / Cryptococcus neoformans / Neurospora crassa /  Saccharomyces cerevisiae /  Schizophyllum commune / Schizosaccharomyces pombe / Ustilago maydis 

3 - 3. Plants

Arabidopsis thaliana / The genus Boechera  / Selaginella moellendorffii / Brachypodium distachyon  / Setaria viridis  / Lotus japonicus  / Lemna gibba / Maize / Medicago truncatula  / Mimulus guttatus / Nicotiana benthamiana  / Tobacco BY-2 cells  / Rice  / Physcomitrella patens / Marchantia polymorpha / Populus 

 

3 - 4. Animals

3 - 4. 1 Invertebrates

Caenorhabditis elegans / Amphimedon queenslandica / Arbacia punctulata / Aplysia / Branchiostoma floridae / Caledia captiva  / Callosobruchus maculatus / Chorthippus parallelus / Ciona intestinalis / Daphnia spp / Coelopidae / Diopsidae / Drosophila / Euprymna scolopes / Galleria mellonella / Gryllus bimaculatus, / Hydra / Loligo pealei / Macrostomum lignano / Mnemiopsis leidyi / Nematostella vectensis / Oikopleura dioica / Oscarella carmela / Parhyale hawaiensis / Platynereis dumerilii  / Podisma spp / Pristionchus pacificus /Scathophaga stercoraria / Schmidtea mediterranea  / Stomatogastric ganglion / Strongylocentrotus purpuratus / Symsagittifera roscoffensis / Tribolium castaneum / Trichoplax adhaerens / Tubifex tubifex

3 - 4. 2 Vertebrates

Laboratory mice /  Bombina bombina / Bombina variegata / Carolina anole (Anolis carolinensis) / Cat (Felis sylvestris catus) / Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) / Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) / Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) / Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) / Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) / Little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) / Medaka (Oryzias latipes, or Japanese ricefish) / Mouse (Mus musculus) / Naked mole-rat, (Heterocephalus glaber) / Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) / Poecilia reticulata / Rat (Rattus norvegicus) /  rhesus monkey / Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) /  Takifugu (Takifugu rubripes, a pufferfish) / Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) / Xenopus tropicalis  / Xenopus laevis / Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) / Zebrafish (Danio rerio, a freshwater fish)

 

Current Models

Drosophila  //  Xenopus // Zebrafish // Mouse // C. elegans // Yeast // E. coli // Arabidopsis

 

References 

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms

3.