Changes
From Biolecture.org
no edit summary
<p> </p>
<p>Obese in Genomics</p>
<p> </p>
<p>What is Obese?</p>
<div>-Obesity is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_condition">medical condition</a> in which excess <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fat">body fat</a> has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>-People are generally considered obese when their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index">body mass index</a> (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over 30 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram">kg</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metre">m</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metre">2</a> , with the range 25–30 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram">kg</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metre">m</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metre">2</a> defined as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overweight">overweight</a></div>
<div> </div>
<div>-Obesity increases the likelihood of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity-associated_morbidity">various diseases</a>, particularly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases">heart disease</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2">type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea">obstructive sleep apnea</a>, certain types of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer">cancer</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>-Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy">food</a> intake, lack of physical activity, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenic_inheritance">genetic susceptibility</a>.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<p> </p>
<p>Arrangement of basic terms in Genomics</p>
<p> </p>
<p>What is Genomics?</p>
</div>
<p>Genomics is the <a href="http://biopedia.org/index.php/Omics">omics</a> study of <a href="http://biopedia.org/index.php/Gene">genes</a> of individual organisms, populations, and <a href="http://biopedia.org/index.php/Species">species</a>.</p>
<p>Paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from investigating single genes, their functions, and roles.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>What is Omics?</p>
<p>General term for a broad discipline of science and engineering</p>
<p>Analyzing the interactions of biological information objects in various <a href="http://omics.org/index.php?title=Omes&action=edit">omes</a> in biology</p>
<p>Main focus</p>
<div>1)mapping information objects such as genes and proteins</div>
<div><u>2)finding interaction relationships among the objects</u></div>
<div>3)engineering the networks and objects to understand and manipulate the regulatory mechanisms</div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div>What is Proteomics?</div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<p>Omics study of proteins, particularly their structures, sequences, and functions.</p>
<p> (which proteins interact)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The set of proteins produced by it during its life, and its genome is its set of genes.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A proteome differs from cell to cell and constantly changes through its biochemical interactions with the genome and the environment.</p>
<p>=> One organism has radically different protein expression in different parts of its body, different stages of its life cycle and different environmental conditions</p>
<p>*There are far fewer protein-coding genes in the human genome than proteins in the human proteome (20,000 to 25,000 genes vs. > 500,000 proteins)</p>
<p>=> Protein diversity is thought to be due to alternative splicing and post-translational modification of proteins</p>
<p> </p>
<p>New methods include protein microarrays, <u>immunoaffinity chromatography followed by mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry), </u>and combinations of experimental methods such as phage display and computational methods.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>What is Metabolome?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Interaction between an organism’s genome and its environment</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Complete set of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_molecule">small-molecule</a> chemicals found within a biological sample.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_molecule">small molecule</a> chemicals found in a given metabolome may include both endogenous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolites">metabolites</a> that are naturally produced by an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism">organism</a> as well as exogenous chemicals</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The endogenous metabolome</p>
<p>-> primary metabolome</p>
<p>-> Secondary metabolome</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_metabolite">* primary metabolite</a> is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction.</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolite">*secondary metabolite</a> is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function(ex: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigments">pigments</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> or waste products derived from partially metabolized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiotics">xenobiotics</a>)</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy">Use NMR spectroscopy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Human Metabolome Database</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Contain detailed data on more than 40,000 metabolites that have already been identified or are likely to be found in the human body</p>
<p> </p>
<div>1)Chemical information</div>
<p>- includes >40,000 metabolite structures with detailed descriptions, extensive chemical classifications, synthesis information and observed/calculated chemical properties</p>
<div> </div>
<div>2)Clinical information</div>
<p>- includes data on >10,000 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite">metabolite</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofluid">biofluid</a> concentrations, metabolite concentration information on more than 600 different human diseases and pathway data for more than 200 different inborn errors of metabolism.</p>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div>3)Biochemical information.</div>
<p>- includes nearly 6000 protein (and DNA) sequences and more than 5000 biochemical reactions that are linked to these metabolite entries</p>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p>---------------------------------------------</p>
<p>Obese</p>
<p> </p>
<p>-> Mainly Influenced by External effects!</p>
<p>-> The Disease that can be cured!</p>
<p>-> Obese parents usually have obese children!</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><u>Therefore, Focus more on protemoics, Metabolome!</u></strong></p>
<p> </p>
