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<h1><span style="font-size:medium">Definition</span></h1>
<p><strong>Transcriptomics</strong> is the study of the transcriptome—the complete set of RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell</p>
<h3> </h3>
<h1>Relation between genomics and transcriptomics</h1>
<p><a href="https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjL_5i_wYnNAhXCq6YKHQwYAGkQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCentral_dogma_of_molecular_biology&bvm=bv.123325700,d.dGY&psig=AFQjCNExMcl1B8q9pPqNJRMlVj4xrRzaYQ&ust=1464962683918950" id="irc_mil" style="border-image: none"><img alt="" id="irc_mi" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg/256px-Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg" style="height:231px; margin-top:124px; width:154px" /></a></p>
<p> Now, we can simply imagine 'central dogma'. DNA is replicated and it can be used as a template for transcription. mRNA is used as a template for translation.</p>
<p> The transcriptome is the product of the transcription. Therefore, genomics and transcriptomics are very related to each other. Basically, RNA is complementary to DNA.</p>
<p> However, RNA undergoes many different procedure, it gets its own properties.</p>
<h1> </h1>
<h1> </h1>
<h1> </h1>
<h1> </h1>
<h1><span style="font-size:medium">classification of RNA molecule</span></h1>
<h2><span style="font-size:medium">mRNA</span></h2>
<p><strong>Messenger RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>mRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a large family of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecules that convey </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Genetic information">genetic information</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="DNA">DNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, where they specify the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">sequence of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> products of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. Following </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Primary transcript">primary transcript</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> mRNA (known as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Precursor mRNA">pre-mRNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, processed, mature mRNA is </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a polymer of amino acids</span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 40px"><span style="font-size:medium">UTR</span></h3>
<p style="margin-left: 40px"><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">In </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, an </span><strong>untranslated region</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>UTR</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_sequence" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Coding sequence">coding sequence</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> on a strand of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MRNA">mRNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Five prime untranslated region">5' UTR</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>leader sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_prime_untranslated_region" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Three prime untranslated region">3' UTR</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>trailer sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">).</span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 40px"><span style="font-size:medium">poly A</span></h3>
<p style="margin-left: 40px"><strong>Polyadenylation</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is the addition of a </span><strong>poly(A) tail</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to a </span><a class="mw-disambig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Messenger">messenger</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.</span></p>
<h2><span style="font-size:medium">ncRNA</span></h2>
<p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">A </span><strong>non-coding RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>ncRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a functional </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecule that is not </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (tRNAs) and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SiRNA">siRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SnRNA">snRNAs</a>.</p>
<h1><span style="font-size:medium">measurment of RNA expression</span></h1>
<p><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-seq" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA-seq">RNA-seq</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, though the older technique of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarrays</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is still used.</span></p>
<h1><span style="font-size:medium">Relationship among genome, transcriptome, and proteome</span></h1>
<p><strong>Transcriptomics</strong> is the study of the transcriptome—the complete set of RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell</p>
<h3> </h3>
<h1>Relation between genomics and transcriptomics</h1>
<p><a href="https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjL_5i_wYnNAhXCq6YKHQwYAGkQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCentral_dogma_of_molecular_biology&bvm=bv.123325700,d.dGY&psig=AFQjCNExMcl1B8q9pPqNJRMlVj4xrRzaYQ&ust=1464962683918950" id="irc_mil" style="border-image: none"><img alt="" id="irc_mi" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg/256px-Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg" style="height:231px; margin-top:124px; width:154px" /></a></p>
<p> Now, we can simply imagine 'central dogma'. DNA is replicated and it can be used as a template for transcription. mRNA is used as a template for translation.</p>
<p> The transcriptome is the product of the transcription. Therefore, genomics and transcriptomics are very related to each other. Basically, RNA is complementary to DNA.</p>
<p> However, RNA undergoes many different procedure, it gets its own properties.</p>
<h1> </h1>
<h1> </h1>
<h1> </h1>
<h1> </h1>
<h1><span style="font-size:medium">classification of RNA molecule</span></h1>
<h2><span style="font-size:medium">mRNA</span></h2>
<p><strong>Messenger RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>mRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a large family of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecules that convey </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Genetic information">genetic information</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="DNA">DNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, where they specify the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">sequence of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> products of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. Following </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Primary transcript">primary transcript</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> mRNA (known as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Precursor mRNA">pre-mRNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, processed, mature mRNA is </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a polymer of amino acids</span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 40px"><span style="font-size:medium">UTR</span></h3>
<p style="margin-left: 40px"><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">In </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, an </span><strong>untranslated region</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>UTR</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_sequence" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Coding sequence">coding sequence</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> on a strand of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MRNA">mRNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Five prime untranslated region">5' UTR</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>leader sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_prime_untranslated_region" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Three prime untranslated region">3' UTR</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>trailer sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">).</span></p>
<h3 style="margin-left: 40px"><span style="font-size:medium">poly A</span></h3>
<p style="margin-left: 40px"><strong>Polyadenylation</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is the addition of a </span><strong>poly(A) tail</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to a </span><a class="mw-disambig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Messenger">messenger</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.</span></p>
<h2><span style="font-size:medium">ncRNA</span></h2>
<p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">A </span><strong>non-coding RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>ncRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a functional </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecule that is not </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (tRNAs) and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SiRNA">siRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SnRNA">snRNAs</a>.</p>
<h1><span style="font-size:medium">measurment of RNA expression</span></h1>
<p><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-seq" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA-seq">RNA-seq</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, though the older technique of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarrays</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is still used.</span></p>
<h1><span style="font-size:medium">Relationship among genome, transcriptome, and proteome</span></h1>
