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</span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">DNA sequencing</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br />
The first breakthrough in genome sequencing came from Watson's colleague in Cambridge, Fred Sanger. In 1977, Sanger and his team produced the first useful DNA sequencing method and publicized the first complete genome </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Sanger, Air et al. 1977)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. It was a tiny virus genome known as phi X 174. Soon after phi X 174, he published the first complete organelle genome which was mitochondrion </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Anderson, Bankier et al. 1981)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. By 1998, researchers in the US evaluated multiplex genome sequencing technologies and were aware that one person's whole genome could be sequenced in one day using contemporary technologies. George Church was the Ph.D. student of Walter Gilbert who received a Nobel Prize with Sanger for developing a sequencing method. Gilbert's method was not used much. However, his colleague Church kept developing sequencing methods. One of them is based on Polony idea </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">(Porreca, Shendure et al. 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">. This technology is used by KNOME Inc. that is a full genome sequencing company. Genome sequencing technology is moving forward to the level where computer CPUs are universally used. DNA sequencing is one of the most important industrial technology technologies in biology due to its perpetual use and new applications in the future. <br />
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</span><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Personal Genomics</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Extensive metabolizers: The individuals that can be administered with normal drug dosage </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Intermediate metabolizers : The individuals that metabolizes drug with a rate slower thsan than the normal rate. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Poor metabolizers: The individuals with poor metabolizing rate.Drugs make accumulate and cause serious adverse effects. </span></li> <li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Ultra metabolizers: Individuals with metabolizing rate faster than extensive metabolizers.They may experience no effect of drug activity. </span></li>
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