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Full text link : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci]<br/>
Like other biological macromolecules such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide polysaccharides] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid nucleic acids], proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology) cells]. Many proteins are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme enzymes] that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis catalyse] biochemical reactions and are vital to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism metabolism]. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin actin] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin myosin] in muscle and the proteins in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton cytoskeleton], which form a system of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding scaffolding] that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody immune responses], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion cell adhesion], and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle cell cycle]. In animals, proteins are needed in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition) diet] to provide the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid essential amino acids] that cannot be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis synthesized]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion Digestion] breaks the proteins down for metabolic use.
Proteins may be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_purification purified] from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultracentrifugation ultracentrifugation], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry) precipitation], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophoresis electrophoresis], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography chromatography]; the advent of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering genetic engineering] has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemistry immunohistochemistry], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis site-directed mutagenesis], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography X-ray crystallography], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance nuclear magnetic resonance] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry mass spectrometry].<br/> === PPI (Protein-Protein interaction) === '''Protein–protein interactions''' ('''PPIs''') are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein protein] molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_forces electrostatic forces], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond hydrogen bonding] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect hydrophobic effect]. Many are physical contacts with molecular associations between chains that occur in a cell or in a living organism in a specific biomolecular context. Proteins rarely act alone as their functions tend to be regulated. Many molecular processes within a cell are carried out by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_machine molecular machines] that are built from numerous protein components organized by their PPIs. These physiological interactions make up the so-called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactome interactomics] of the organism, while aberrant PPIs are the basis of multiple aggregation-related diseases, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease Alzheimer's diseases]. PPIs have been studied with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_to_investigate_protein–protein_interactions many methods] and from different perspectives: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry biochemistry], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry quantum chemistry], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics molecular dynamics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction signal transduction], among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Titeca_2019_1-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction#cite_note-Titeca_2019-1 [1]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction#cite_note-2 [2]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction#cite_note-3 [3]]<br/sup> All this information enables the creation of large protein interaction networks<sup id="cite_ref-Mashaghi.2C_A._2004_113.E2.80.93121_4-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction#cite_note-Mashaghi,_A._2004_113–121-4 [4]]<br/sup> – similar to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_network metabolic] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_networks genetic/epigenetic networks] – that empower the current knowledge on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade biochemical cascades] and molecular etiology of disease, as well as the discovery of putative protein targets of therapeutic interest.<br/> <br/> full text link : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein_interaction]
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