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Created page with "<p>Genomic related words.</p> <ol> <li>IPScell-a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.</li> <li>polyphyodont-any animal whose teeth ar..."
<p>Genomic related words.</p>
<ol>
<li>IPScell-a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.</li>
<li>polyphyodont-any animal whose teeth are continually replaced.</li>
<li>gene therapy-the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.</li>
<li>ctDNA-tumor-derived fragmented DNA in the bloodstream that is not associated with cells.</li>
<li>CRISPR-Cas9-It can be used to edit genes within organisms. This type of gene editing process has a wide variety of applications including use as a basic biology research tool, development of biotechnology products, and potentially to treat diseases.</li>
<li>allele-An alternate form of the same gene for a given trait</li>
<li>zygote-Fertilized egg</li>
<li>crossing over-crossing over is the process by which two chromosomes pair up and exchange sections of their DNA. This often occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis</li>
<li>genome-the total genetic composition of an organism or species</li>
<li>genomics-molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species</li>
<li>functional genomics-the study of how the components of a genome interact to produce the traits of an organism</li>
<li>mapping-the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other segments of DNA along individual chromosomes</li>
<li>cytogenic mapping-the localization of gene sequences within chromosomes that are viewed microscopically.</li>
<li>linkage mapping-The use of frequency of genetic recombination between different genes to determine their relative spacing and order along a chromosome.</li>
<li>physical mapping-The use of DNA cloning techniques to determine the location and distance between genes and other DNA regions.</li>
<li>genetic map-A chart that describes the relative locations of genes and other DNA segments along a chromosome.</li>
<li>locus-the site within a genetic map where a specific gene or other DNA segment is found.</li>
<li>chromosome painting-the use of computer imaging software to assign different colors to different fluorescent probes.</li>
<li>molecular marker-a segment of DNA found at a specific site along a chromosome with properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis.</li>
<li>polymorphic-difference from individual to individual within a population (gene sequences)</li>
<li>RFLP map-a linkage map composed of many RFLP markers</li>
<li>lod score method-statistical test used to determine the likelihood of linkage between two RFLP's.</li>
<li>microsatellites-short repetitive sequences that are abundantly interspersed throughout a species' genome and vary considerably in length among individuals.</li>
<li>sequence tagged site-a short segment of DNA (usually 100-400bp), the base sequence of which is found to be unique within the entire genome. Found by PCR</li>
<li>founder-a single individual who is the origin for a disease-causing allele.</li>
<li>contig-a collection of clones that contain contiguous, overlapping pieces of chromosomal DNA. Represents a physical map of the chromosome.</li>
<li>artificial chromosomes-large cloning vectors that can accomodate much larger sizes of DNA inserts. Behave like chromosomes inside living cells.</li>
<li>yeast artificial chromosome-first artificial chromosome to be created. Can contain a cloned insert up to 2 million bp in length.</li>
<li>bacterial artificial chromosomes-artificial chromosomes developed from bacterial f factors. Can handle DNA inserts up to 300,000bp. Easier to use than YAC's as they are inserted into a circular chromosome and transformed into E. Coli</li>
<li>cosmid-<br />
a hybrid between a plasmid vector and a phage lambda. Its DNA can replicate within a cell like a plasmid or be packaged into a protein coat like a phage. Can accept DNA inserts in the tens of thousands of base pairs.</li>
<li>positional cloning-a strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped position along a chromosome.</li>
<li>chromosome walking-a method of positional cloning in which a mapped gene or RFLP marker provides a starting point to molecularly "walk" toward a gene of interest via overlapping clones.</li>
<li>subcloning-The procedure of making smaller DNA clones from larger ones.</li>
<li>shotgun sequencing-a sequencing technique in which DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments.</li>
<li>hierarchal shotgun sequencing-a genome sequencing strategy in which small DNA fragments are mapped prior to DNA sequencing.</li>
<li>whole genome shotgun sequencing-a genome sequencing strategy in which the entire genome is isolated and sheared into small and large fragments and cloned into vectors.</li>
<li>Human Genome Project-a 13-year effort with US department of health to find:<br />
1.a genetic linkage map of the human genome<br />
2.a physical map of the human genome<br />
3.the DNA sequence of the entire human genome<br />
4.technology for management of the human genome<br />
5.analyze the genomes of other model organisms<br />
6.develop programs focused on on ethical, legal, and social implications of results from human genome project.</li>
<li>pyrosequencing-Genomic DNA is broken into small 300 to 800bp fragments which are attached to beads via adaptors and emulsified in an oil/water mixture and isolated into droplets, which are amplified into many identical products.</li>
<li>comparative genomics-the study of differences of genomic variation between different populations</li>
<li>DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid; the hereditary material of almost all cells that makes up their genomes.</li>
<li>Inheritance-The passing down of traits from one generation to the next, at the level of the cell or the organism.</li>
<li>Mitochondrial DNA-A circular DNA molecule that can only be found in the mitochondria of all cells in the body and is inherited only from the mother.</li>
<li>Nuclear Genome-The complete set of 23 pairs of chromosomes that reside within the nucleus of the cell.</li>
<li>Genotype-The genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the composition of alleles.</li>
<li>Phenotype-The physical makeup, or appearance, of an organism or individual trait.</li>
<li>Relative Risk-An individual's risk based on family or genetic background compared to the general population.</li>
<li>Western Blot-Transfer protein to gel matrix to separate. Use a membrane which has antibodies on it to blot the gel so that desired antigens will be picked up to be observed.</li>
<li>miRNA-small non coding RNA that functions in RNA silencing and post transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They do so by binding to the 3'-UTR(untranslated region) of the target mRNA and repress protein translation</li>
<li>DNA ligase-Enzyme that helps fix the backbone of DNA by forming phosphodiester bonds</li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li>IPScell-a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.</li>
<li>polyphyodont-any animal whose teeth are continually replaced.</li>
<li>gene therapy-the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.</li>
<li>ctDNA-tumor-derived fragmented DNA in the bloodstream that is not associated with cells.</li>
<li>CRISPR-Cas9-It can be used to edit genes within organisms. This type of gene editing process has a wide variety of applications including use as a basic biology research tool, development of biotechnology products, and potentially to treat diseases.</li>
<li>allele-An alternate form of the same gene for a given trait</li>
<li>zygote-Fertilized egg</li>
<li>crossing over-crossing over is the process by which two chromosomes pair up and exchange sections of their DNA. This often occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis</li>
<li>genome-the total genetic composition of an organism or species</li>
<li>genomics-molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species</li>
<li>functional genomics-the study of how the components of a genome interact to produce the traits of an organism</li>
<li>mapping-the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other segments of DNA along individual chromosomes</li>
<li>cytogenic mapping-the localization of gene sequences within chromosomes that are viewed microscopically.</li>
<li>linkage mapping-The use of frequency of genetic recombination between different genes to determine their relative spacing and order along a chromosome.</li>
<li>physical mapping-The use of DNA cloning techniques to determine the location and distance between genes and other DNA regions.</li>
<li>genetic map-A chart that describes the relative locations of genes and other DNA segments along a chromosome.</li>
<li>locus-the site within a genetic map where a specific gene or other DNA segment is found.</li>
<li>chromosome painting-the use of computer imaging software to assign different colors to different fluorescent probes.</li>
<li>molecular marker-a segment of DNA found at a specific site along a chromosome with properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis.</li>
<li>polymorphic-difference from individual to individual within a population (gene sequences)</li>
<li>RFLP map-a linkage map composed of many RFLP markers</li>
<li>lod score method-statistical test used to determine the likelihood of linkage between two RFLP's.</li>
<li>microsatellites-short repetitive sequences that are abundantly interspersed throughout a species' genome and vary considerably in length among individuals.</li>
<li>sequence tagged site-a short segment of DNA (usually 100-400bp), the base sequence of which is found to be unique within the entire genome. Found by PCR</li>
<li>founder-a single individual who is the origin for a disease-causing allele.</li>
<li>contig-a collection of clones that contain contiguous, overlapping pieces of chromosomal DNA. Represents a physical map of the chromosome.</li>
<li>artificial chromosomes-large cloning vectors that can accomodate much larger sizes of DNA inserts. Behave like chromosomes inside living cells.</li>
<li>yeast artificial chromosome-first artificial chromosome to be created. Can contain a cloned insert up to 2 million bp in length.</li>
<li>bacterial artificial chromosomes-artificial chromosomes developed from bacterial f factors. Can handle DNA inserts up to 300,000bp. Easier to use than YAC's as they are inserted into a circular chromosome and transformed into E. Coli</li>
<li>cosmid-<br />
a hybrid between a plasmid vector and a phage lambda. Its DNA can replicate within a cell like a plasmid or be packaged into a protein coat like a phage. Can accept DNA inserts in the tens of thousands of base pairs.</li>
<li>positional cloning-a strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped position along a chromosome.</li>
<li>chromosome walking-a method of positional cloning in which a mapped gene or RFLP marker provides a starting point to molecularly "walk" toward a gene of interest via overlapping clones.</li>
<li>subcloning-The procedure of making smaller DNA clones from larger ones.</li>
<li>shotgun sequencing-a sequencing technique in which DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments.</li>
<li>hierarchal shotgun sequencing-a genome sequencing strategy in which small DNA fragments are mapped prior to DNA sequencing.</li>
<li>whole genome shotgun sequencing-a genome sequencing strategy in which the entire genome is isolated and sheared into small and large fragments and cloned into vectors.</li>
<li>Human Genome Project-a 13-year effort with US department of health to find:<br />
1.a genetic linkage map of the human genome<br />
2.a physical map of the human genome<br />
3.the DNA sequence of the entire human genome<br />
4.technology for management of the human genome<br />
5.analyze the genomes of other model organisms<br />
6.develop programs focused on on ethical, legal, and social implications of results from human genome project.</li>
<li>pyrosequencing-Genomic DNA is broken into small 300 to 800bp fragments which are attached to beads via adaptors and emulsified in an oil/water mixture and isolated into droplets, which are amplified into many identical products.</li>
<li>comparative genomics-the study of differences of genomic variation between different populations</li>
<li>DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid; the hereditary material of almost all cells that makes up their genomes.</li>
<li>Inheritance-The passing down of traits from one generation to the next, at the level of the cell or the organism.</li>
<li>Mitochondrial DNA-A circular DNA molecule that can only be found in the mitochondria of all cells in the body and is inherited only from the mother.</li>
<li>Nuclear Genome-The complete set of 23 pairs of chromosomes that reside within the nucleus of the cell.</li>
<li>Genotype-The genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the composition of alleles.</li>
<li>Phenotype-The physical makeup, or appearance, of an organism or individual trait.</li>
<li>Relative Risk-An individual's risk based on family or genetic background compared to the general population.</li>
<li>Western Blot-Transfer protein to gel matrix to separate. Use a membrane which has antibodies on it to blot the gel so that desired antigens will be picked up to be observed.</li>
<li>miRNA-small non coding RNA that functions in RNA silencing and post transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They do so by binding to the 3'-UTR(untranslated region) of the target mRNA and repress protein translation</li>
<li>DNA ligase-Enzyme that helps fix the backbone of DNA by forming phosphodiester bonds</li>
</ol>
