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S language

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The two modern implementations of S are <a title="R (programming language)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)">R</a>, part of the <a title="GNU" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU">GNU</a> free software project, and <a title="S-PLUS" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a>.

<div id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 13px; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; zoom: 1; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-top: 7px; padding-left: 7px; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; display: table; padding-right: 7px; background-color: rgb(249,249,249)">~~<div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center">~~<h2 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 13px; border-top: medium none; font-family: sans-serif; border-right: medium none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: medium none; font-weight: bold; color: black; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; border-left: medium none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; padding-right: 0px">Contents</h2>  [<a id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#">hide</a>] </div>~~<ul~~ p style="~~list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;~~ margin: 0~~.3em 0px; list-style-image: none; line-height: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px">~~ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#History">1 History</a> ~~<ul style="list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; list-style-image: none; line-height: 1~~.5em~~; padding-right:~~ 0px"> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#.22Old_S.22">1.1 "Old S"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#.22New_S.22"><~~span class="tocnumber"~~b>~~1.2 ~~</span~~>"New S"</a></li>~~ ~~<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a~~ style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#S4">1.3 S4</a></li> ~~</ul>~~ ~~</li>~~ <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#References">2 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#External_links">3 External links</a></li>~~</ul></div> <h2 style="overflow: hidden;~~ font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: black; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding-right: 0pxlarge">~~History~~Histoy<span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none">[<~~a title="Edit section: History" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http:~~/~~/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1"~~b>~~edit~~</~~a>]</h2~~p><h3 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.17em; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; color: black; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; line-height: 1.6">"Old S"<span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none">[<a title="Edit section: "Old S"" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]</h3>

S is one of several statistical computing languages that were designed at Bell Laboratories, and first took form between 1975–1976.<a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_note-Becker-1">[1]</a> Up to that time, much of the statistical computing was done by directly calling <a title="Fortran" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a> subroutines; however, S was designed to offer an alternate and more interactive approach. Early design decisions that hold even today include interactive graphics devices (printers and character terminals at the time), and providing easily accessible documentation for the functions.

The first working version of S was built in 1976, and operated on the <a title="General Comprehensive Operating System" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Comprehensive_Operating_System">GCOS</a> operating system. At this time, S was unnamed, and suggestions included Interactive SCS (ISCS),Statistical Computing System, and Statistical Analysis System (which was already taken: see <a title="SAS System" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_System">SAS System</a>). The name 'S' (used with single quotation marks, until 1979) was chosen, as it has the common letter used in statistical computing, and is consistent with other programming languages designed from the same institution at the time (namely the <a title="C (programming language)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)">C programming language</a>).

<li id="cite_note-Becker-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em">^ <a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Becker_1-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up to:a</a> <a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Becker_1-1">b</a> Becker, Richard A., <a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/stat/doc/94.11.ps~~" rel="nofollow~~">A Brief History of S</a> (PS), Murray Hill, New Jersey: AT&T Bell Laboratories, retrieved 2014-08-18</li>

<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-2"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up^</a> Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1984). S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. <a title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-534-03313-X" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-03313-X">0-534-03313-X</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-3"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up^</a> Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1985). Extending the S System. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. <a title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-534-05016-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-05016-6">0-534-05016-6</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-4"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up^</a> Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M.; Wilks, A.R. (1988). The New S Language: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.<a title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-534-09192-X" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-09192-X">0-534-09192-X</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-5"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up^</a> Chambers, J.M.; Hastie, T.J. (1991). Statistical Models in S. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. p. 624. <a title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-412-05291-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-05291-1">0-412-05291-1</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-6"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up^</a> Wilkinsons, G.N.; Rogers, C.E. (1973). "Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance". Applied Statistics 22 (3): 392–399. <a title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2346786~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.2307/2346786</a>. <a title="JSTOR" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2346786~~" rel="nofollow~~">2346786</a>.</li>

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<h2 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: black; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding-right: 0px">External links<span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none">[<a title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6">edit</a>]</h2>

<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/stat/doc/96.7.ps~~" rel="nofollow~~">Evolution of the S Language</a>, by John M. Chambers, discusses the new features in Version 4 of S (in <a title="PostScript" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript">PostScript</a> format)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/departments/sia/S/history.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">Stages in the Evolution of S</a>, by John M. Chambers</li>

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