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<p>(1954- ) is an American molecular geneticist. He is currently Professor of Genetics <sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Health Sciences & Technology <sup class="reference" id="_ref-HST_0">[2]</sup> at Harvard and MIT. With Walter Gilbert he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[3]</sup> and helped initiate the Human Genome Project in 1984 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[4]</sup> while he was a Research Scientist at newly-formed Biogen Inc. He invented the broadly-applied concepts of molecular multiplexing and tags<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[5]</sup>, homologous recombination methods <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[6]</sup>, and DNA array synthesizers. Technology transfer of automated sequencing & software to Genome Therapeutics Corp. resulted in the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>) in 1994 <sup class="reference" id="_ref-NG_0">[7]</sup>. He initiated the Personal Genome Project (PGP) <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[8]</sup> in 2005 and research on synthetic biology. He is director of the U.S. Department of Energy Center on Bioenergy at Harvard & MIT <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[9]</sup> and director of the National Institutes of Health (NHGRI) Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Harvard, MIT & Washington University <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[10]</sup>. He has been advisor to 22 companies, most recently co-founding (with Joseph Jacobson, Jay Keasling, and Drew Endy) Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology<sup class="reference" id="_ref-8">[11]</sup> and (with Chris Somerville) founding LS9, which is focused on biofuels <sup class="reference" id="_ref-9">[12]</sup>. He is a senior editor for Nature EMBO Molecular Systems Biology. </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" rel="nofollow">Church Lab webpage</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" rel="nofollow">New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" title="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" href="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" rel="nofollow">Biosketch on Edge.org</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>
<div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" rel="nofollow">HMS Genetics Faculty</a></li>
<li id="_note-HST"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-HST_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&action=viewOne&id=HST000211" href="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&action=viewOne&id=HST000211" rel="nofollow">HST</a></li>
<li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). "Genomic Sequencing". <em>Proc Nat Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>81</strong>: 1991-5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6326095" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6326095">PMID 6326095</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-2">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cook-Deegan RM (1989). "The Alta summit, December 1984". <em>Genomics</em> <strong>5</strong>: 661-3. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2613249" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2613249">PMID 2613249</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S. (1984). "Multiplex Sequencing". <em>Science</em> <strong>240</strong>: 185-8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3353714" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3353714">PMID 3353714</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997). "Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type <em>Escherichia coli</em>: application to open reading frame characterization". <em>J Bacteriol.</em> <strong>179</strong>: 6228-37. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9335267" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9335267">PMID 9335267</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-NG"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-NG_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1996) "Capitalizing on the genome". <em>Nature Genetics</em> <strong>13</strong>: 1. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8673083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8673083">PMID 8673083</a>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>
<li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM (2005). "The personal genome project". <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>1</strong>: 0030. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16729065" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16729065">PMID 16729065</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" rel="nofollow">DOE Genomes to Life Center</a></li>
<li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" rel="nofollow">Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science Awards</a></li>
<li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herper M (2006). "Photoshop For DNA". <em>Forbes</em>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" href="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li>
<li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&surround=etf" href="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&surround=etf" rel="nofollow">San Francisco Business Times - March 12, 2007</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
<p><br />
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/" rel="nofollow">Church Lab webpage</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/Polonator/" rel="nofollow">New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" title="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" href="http://edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/church.html" rel="nofollow">Biosketch on Edge.org</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>
<div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" href="http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/faculty.htm#C" rel="nofollow">HMS Genetics Faculty</a></li>
<li id="_note-HST"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-HST_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&action=viewOne&id=HST000211" href="http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PeopleHandler&action=viewOne&id=HST000211" rel="nofollow">HST</a></li>
<li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Gilbert W (1984). "Genomic Sequencing". <em>Proc Nat Acad Sci USA</em> <strong>81</strong>: 1991-5. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6326095" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6326095">PMID 6326095</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-2">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cook-Deegan RM (1989). "The Alta summit, December 1984". <em>Genomics</em> <strong>5</strong>: 661-3. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2613249" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2613249">PMID 2613249</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S. (1984). "Multiplex Sequencing". <em>Science</em> <strong>240</strong>: 185-8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3353714" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3353714">PMID 3353714</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997). "Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type <em>Escherichia coli</em>: application to open reading frame characterization". <em>J Bacteriol.</em> <strong>179</strong>: 6228-37. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9335267" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9335267">PMID 9335267</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-NG"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-NG_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(1996) "Capitalizing on the genome". <em>Nature Genetics</em> <strong>13</strong>: 1. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8673083" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8673083">PMID 8673083</a>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/wilma/v13n1.867861436.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>
<li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Church GM (2005). "The personal genome project". <em>Mol Syst Biol.</em> <strong>1</strong>: 0030. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16729065" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16729065">PMID 16729065</a>.</cite></li>
<li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" href="http://arep.med.harvard.edu/DOEGTL/" rel="nofollow">DOE Genomes to Life Center</a></li>
<li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511135" rel="nofollow">Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science Awards</a></li>
<li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herper M (2006). "Photoshop For DNA". <em>Forbes</em>.</cite><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" href="http://www.forbes.com/sciencesandmedicine/2005/06/01/cx_mh_0601dna.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li>
<li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Church#_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&surround=etf" href="http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/03/12/daily3.html?b=1173672000%5e1430618&surround=etf" rel="nofollow">San Francisco Business Times - March 12, 2007</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
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