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Created page with "<p><span style="font-size:20px"><strong>Engineering</strong></span></p> <hr /> <p><strong> Engineering</strong> is the creative application of science, mathematical me..."
<p><span style="font-size:20px"><strong>Engineering</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p><strong> Engineering</strong> is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, operation and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" title="Maintenance (technical)">maintenance</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structures</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material">materials</a>, devices, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System">systems</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process" title="Process">processes</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a> for the benefit of humankind. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">fields of engineering</a>, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a>, and types of application. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering" title="Glossary of engineering">glossary of engineering</a>.</p>
<p>The term <em>engineering</em> is derived from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <em>ingenium</em>, meaning "cleverness" and <em>ingeniare</em>, meaning "to contrive, devise".</p>
<p><span style="font-size:18px">Definition</span></p>
<hr />
<p> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Engineers%27_Council_for_Professional_Development" title="American Engineers' Council for Professional Development">American Engineers' Council for Professional Development</a> (ECPD, the predecessor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation_Board_for_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology">ABET</a>) has defined "engineering" as:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg/220px-Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>Design of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> requires collaboration of engineers from many fields, as the system involves mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">blades</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">rotor and stator</a> as well as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cycle" title="Steam cycle">steam cycle</a>all need to be carefully designed and optimized.</p>
<p><span style="font-size:20px"><strong>Science</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p><strong> Science</strong> (from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <em>scientia</em>, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> in the form of testable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">explanations </a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictions" title="Predictions">predictions</a> about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.</p>
<p> The earliest roots of science can be traced to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in around 3500 to 3000 BCE. Their contributions to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> entered and shaped <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, whereby formal attempts were made to explain events of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">physical world</a> based on natural causes. After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, knowledge of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_in_classical_antiquity" title="History of science in classical antiquity">Greek conceptions of the world</a> deteriorated in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> but was preserved in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>.<span style="font-size:10.8333px"> </span>The recovery and assimilation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek works</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic inquiries</a> into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived natural philosophy, which was later transformed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> that began in the 16th century as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution#New_ideas" title="Scientific Revolution">new ideas and discoveries</a> departed from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution#Ancient_and_medieval_background" title="Scientific Revolution">previous Greek conceptions</a>and traditions. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_in_science" title="19th century in science">19th century</a> that many of the institutional and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">professional</a> features of science began to take shape.</p>
<p> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_science" title="Modern science">Modern science</a> is typically divided into three major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_science" title="Branches of science">branches</a> that consist of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>), which study nature in the broadest sense; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>), which study individuals and societies; and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_science" title="Formal science">formal sciences</a> (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">theoretical computer science</a>), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>. Disciplines that utilize existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and medicine, are described as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_sciences" title="Applied sciences">applied sciences</a>.</p>
<p> Science is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, which is commonly conducted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_institution" title="Academic institution">academic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institutions</a> as well as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agencies</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company" title="Company">companies</a>. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">science policies</a> that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">commercial products</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">armaments</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/15885/The-Difference-Between-Science-and-Engineering.aspx"><img alt="The Scientific Method. (Image courtesy of Wikipedia user ArchonMagnus.)" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/engineering-com/image/upload/w_640,h_640,c_limit,q_auto,f_auto/Science_vs_Engineering_5_djgngx.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>Scientific Method</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Reference</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>1. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering">"Engineering"</a>, from Wikipedia</p>
<p>2. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science">"Science"</a>, from Wikipedia</p>
<p>3. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering">"Engineering"</a>, from Wikipedia, image</p>
<p>4. <a href="https://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/15885/The-Difference-Between-Science-and-Engineering.aspx">"The Difference Between Science and Engineering"</a>, <a href="http://www.engineering.com/Author/ID/364475/Michael%20Alba">Michael Alba </a>posted on October 24, 2017 | <a href="https://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/15885/The-Difference-Between-Science-and-Engineering.aspx#disqus_thread">17 Comments</a>, image Scientific Method</p>
<hr />
<p><strong> Engineering</strong> is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, operation and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" title="Maintenance (technical)">maintenance</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structures</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material" title="Material">materials</a>, devices, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" title="System">systems</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process" title="Process">processes</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a> for the benefit of humankind. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">fields of engineering</a>, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a>, and types of application. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering" title="Glossary of engineering">glossary of engineering</a>.</p>
<p>The term <em>engineering</em> is derived from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <em>ingenium</em>, meaning "cleverness" and <em>ingeniare</em>, meaning "to contrive, devise".</p>
<p><span style="font-size:18px">Definition</span></p>
<hr />
<p> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Engineers%27_Council_for_Professional_Development" title="American Engineers' Council for Professional Development">American Engineers' Council for Professional Development</a> (ECPD, the predecessor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation_Board_for_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology">ABET</a>) has defined "engineering" as:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg/220px-Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>Design of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> requires collaboration of engineers from many fields, as the system involves mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">blades</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">rotor and stator</a> as well as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cycle" title="Steam cycle">steam cycle</a>all need to be carefully designed and optimized.</p>
<p><span style="font-size:20px"><strong>Science</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p><strong> Science</strong> (from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <em>scientia</em>, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> in the form of testable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">explanations </a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictions" title="Predictions">predictions</a> about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.</p>
<p> The earliest roots of science can be traced to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in around 3500 to 3000 BCE. Their contributions to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> entered and shaped <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, whereby formal attempts were made to explain events of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">physical world</a> based on natural causes. After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, knowledge of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_in_classical_antiquity" title="History of science in classical antiquity">Greek conceptions of the world</a> deteriorated in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> but was preserved in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>.<span style="font-size:10.8333px"> </span>The recovery and assimilation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek works</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic inquiries</a> into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived natural philosophy, which was later transformed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> that began in the 16th century as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution#New_ideas" title="Scientific Revolution">new ideas and discoveries</a> departed from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution#Ancient_and_medieval_background" title="Scientific Revolution">previous Greek conceptions</a>and traditions. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_in_science" title="19th century in science">19th century</a> that many of the institutional and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">professional</a> features of science began to take shape.</p>
<p> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_science" title="Modern science">Modern science</a> is typically divided into three major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_science" title="Branches of science">branches</a> that consist of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>), which study nature in the broadest sense; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>), which study individuals and societies; and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_science" title="Formal science">formal sciences</a> (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">theoretical computer science</a>), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>. Disciplines that utilize existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and medicine, are described as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_sciences" title="Applied sciences">applied sciences</a>.</p>
<p> Science is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, which is commonly conducted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_institution" title="Academic institution">academic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institutions</a> as well as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agencies</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company" title="Company">companies</a>. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">science policies</a> that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">commercial products</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">armaments</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/15885/The-Difference-Between-Science-and-Engineering.aspx"><img alt="The Scientific Method. (Image courtesy of Wikipedia user ArchonMagnus.)" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/engineering-com/image/upload/w_640,h_640,c_limit,q_auto,f_auto/Science_vs_Engineering_5_djgngx.jpg" /></a></p>
<p>Scientific Method</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:18px"><strong>Reference</strong></span></p>
<hr />
<p>1. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering">"Engineering"</a>, from Wikipedia</p>
<p>2. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science">"Science"</a>, from Wikipedia</p>
<p>3. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering">"Engineering"</a>, from Wikipedia, image</p>
<p>4. <a href="https://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/15885/The-Difference-Between-Science-and-Engineering.aspx">"The Difference Between Science and Engineering"</a>, <a href="http://www.engineering.com/Author/ID/364475/Michael%20Alba">Michael Alba </a>posted on October 24, 2017 | <a href="https://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/15885/The-Difference-Between-Science-and-Engineering.aspx#disqus_thread">17 Comments</a>, image Scientific Method</p>