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<h3><strong>Messenger RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>mRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) </span></h3>
<p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">is a large family of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecules that convey </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Genetic information">genetic information</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="DNA">DNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, where they specify the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">sequence of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> products of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. Following </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Primary transcript">primary transcript</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> mRNA (known as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Precursor mRNA">pre-mRNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, processed, mature mRNA is </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a polymer of amino acids.</span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:medium">UTR</span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size:medium">poly A</span></h3>
<p><strong>Polyadenylation</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is the addition of a </span><strong>poly(A) tail</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to a </span><a class="mw-disambig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Messenger">messenger</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.</span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:medium">ncRNA</span></h3>
<p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">A </span><strong>non-coding RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>ncRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a functional </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecule that is not </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (tRNAs) and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SiRNA">siRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SnRNA">snRNAs</a>.</p>
<h1><span style="font-size:medium">measurment of RNA expression</span></h1>
<p>RT-qPCR In this technique, reverse transcription is followed by quantitative PCR. Reverse transcription first generates a DNA template from the mRNA; this single-stranded template is called cDNA. The cDNA template is then amplified in the quantitative step, during which the fluorescence emitted by labeled hybridization probes or intercalating dyes changes as the DNA amplification process progresses.</p>
<p><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-seq" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA-seq">RNA-seq</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, though the older technique of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarrays</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is still used.</span></p>