<h1>Transcriptomics<font size="3">Definition</font></h1><h2p><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">The&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transcriptome</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font -family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is the set of all RNA molecules, including&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="3Messenger RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">mRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Definition,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">rRNA</h2a><h2span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">tRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: medium14px; line-height: 22px;">Relationship between genomics , and transcriptomicsother&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">non-coding RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transcribed</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;in one cell or a population of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">cells</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">.&nbsp;</span></h2p><h2h1><font size="3">mRNA</font></h2h1><h3p><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Messenger RNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: medium14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">mRNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">measurment ) is a large family of &nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA </a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;molecules that convey&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information" title="Genetic information" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">genetic information</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;from&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">DNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;to the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ribosome</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, where they specify the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">amino acid</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">sequence of the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">protein</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;products of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">gene expression</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">. Following&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transcription</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://h3en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript" title="Primary transcript" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">primary transcript</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;mRNA (known as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA" title="Precursor mRNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">pre-mRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) by&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA polymerase</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, processed, mature mRNA is&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" title="Translation (genetics)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">translated</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;into a polymer of amino acids</span></p><h2h1><span style="font-size: medium;">Relationship between Transcriptome and ProteomeUTR</span></h1><p><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">In&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">molecular genetics</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, an&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">untranslated region</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(or&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">UTR</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_sequence" title="Coding sequence" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">coding sequence</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;on a strand of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA" title="MRNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">mRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">.If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the&nbsp;</span><a href="http:/h2/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region" title="Five prime untranslated region" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">5' UTR</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(or&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">leader sequence<h2/b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: medium14px; line-height: 22px;">), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_prime_untranslated_region" title="Three prime untranslated region" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">3' UTR</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(or&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">trailer sequence</h2b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">).</span></p><h2h1><span style="font-size: medium;">ncRNA</span></h2h1><h2p><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">A&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">non-coding RNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ncRNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) is a functional&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;molecule that is not&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" title="Translation (genetics)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">translated</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;into a&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">protein</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transfer RNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(tRNAs) and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ribosomal RNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">microRNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA" title="SiRNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">siRNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNA" title="SnRNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">snRNAs</a>.</p><h1><span style="font-size: medium;">poly A</span></h2h1><p><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Polyadenylation</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is the addition of a&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">poly(A) tail</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;to a&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger" title="Messenger" class="mw-disambig" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">messenger</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.</span></p><h1><span style="font-size: medium;">measurment of RNA expression</span></h1><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-seq" title="RNA-seq" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA-seq</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, though the older technique of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">DNA microarrays</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is still used.</span></p><h1>&nbsp;</h1><h1><span style="font-size: medium;">Relationship between genomics and transcriptomics</span></h1><h1><span style="font-size: medium;">Relationship between Transcriptome and Proteome</span></h1><h1>&nbsp;</h1><h1>&nbsp;</h1>