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<p><b>Genomics</b> is a discipline in <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> concerning the study of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Genomes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomes">genomes</a> of organisms. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire <a class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequence">DNA sequence</a> of organisms and fine-scale <a class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mapping" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mapping">genetic mapping</a> efforts. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as <a title="Heterosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis">heterosis</a>, <a title="Epistasis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis">epistasis</a>, <a title="Pleiotropy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy">pleiotropy</a> and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of <a title="Molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology">molecular biology</a> or <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a> and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's networks.</p>
<p>For the <a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>, "the term "genomics" encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<h2><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2>
<p>The first genomes to be sequenced were those of a <a title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus">virus</a> and a <a title="Mitochondrion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion">mitochondrion</a>, and were done by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Sanger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sanger">Fred Sanger</a>. His group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatic analyses in the 1970-1980s. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with <a title="Sequencing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing">sequencing</a> the genomes of various organisms, but the knowledge of full genomes has created the possibility for the field of <a title="Functional genomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics">functional genomics</a>, mainly concerned with patterns of <a title="Gene expression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression">gene expression</a> during various conditions. The most important tools here are <a title="Microarray" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray">microarrays</a> and <a title="Bioinformatics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>. Study of the full set of proteins in a cell type or tissue, and the changes during various conditions, is called <a title="Proteomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics">proteomics</a>. A related concept is <a title="Materiomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiomics">materiomics</a>, which is defined as the study of the material properties of biological materials (e.g. hierarchical protein structures and materials, mineralized biological tissues, etc.) and their effect on the macroscopic function and failure in their biological context, linking processes, structure and properties at multiple scales through a materials science approach. The actual term 'genomics' is thought to have been coined by Dr. Tom Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) over beer at a meeting held in Maryland on the mapping of the human genome in 1986.</p>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://epa.gov/osa/spc/pdfs/genomics.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">EPA Interim Genomics Policy</a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W (1972). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein". <i>Nature</i> <b>237</b> (5350): 82–88. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a hrefclass="http:/external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F237082a0" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1038/237082a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a hrefclass="http://external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4555447" class="external text" rel="nofollow">4555447</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, Haegeman G, Iserentant D, Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M (1976). "Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene". <i>Nature</i> <b>260</b> (5551): 500–507. <a title="Bibcode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a hrefclass="http:/external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.260..500F" class="external text" rel="nofollow">1976Natur.260..500F</a>. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a hrefclass="http://external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F260500a0" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1038/260500a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a hrefclass="http:/external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264203" class="external text" rel="nofollow">1264203</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M (1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". <i>Nature</i> <b>265</b> (5596): 687–695. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a hrefclass="http://external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F265687a0" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1038/265687a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a hrefclass="http:/external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/870828" class="external text" rel="nofollow">870828</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White O, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, Kerlavage AR, Bult CJ, Tomb JF, Dougherty BA, Merrick JM, et al. (1995). "Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". <i>Science</i> <b>269</b> (5223): 496–512. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a hrefclass="http://external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7542800" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1126/science.7542800</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a hrefclass="http:/external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7542800" class="external text" rel="nofollow">7542800</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a hrefclass="http://external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>The Viral Genomes Resource</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a hrefclass="http:/external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>Genome Project Statistic</i>, NCBI Friday, 14 September 2007</a></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a hrefclass="http://external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">BBC article <i>Human gene number slashed</i> from Wednesday, 20 October 2004</a></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a hrefclass="http:/external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CBSE News, Thursday, 16 October 2003</a></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a hrefclass="http://external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" class="external text" rel="nofollow">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-McGrath_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">McGrath S and van Sinderen D, ed (2007). <a hrefclass="http:/external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-14-1">978-1-904455-14-1</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Herrero-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#cite_ref-Herrero_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Herrero A and Flores E, ed (2008). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-15-8">978-1-904455-15-8</a>.</span></li>
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<h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomicsdirectory.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics Directory</a>: A one-stop biotechnology resource center for bioentrepreneurs, scientists, and students</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/loi/genom/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">BMC Genomics</a>: A BMC journal on Genomics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.caglab.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Center for Applied Genomics</a>: Genomics Research - a specialized Center of Emphasis at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomics.co.uk/companylist.php" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics</a>: UK companies and laboratories* <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622838/description#description" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics journal</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.knoblauchpublishing.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics and Quantitative Genetics</a>: An international electronic, open access journal publishing, inter alia, genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="../../../" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Genomics.org</a>: An openfree wiki based Genomics portal</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">NHGRI</a>: US government's genome institute</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springer.com/humana+press/pharmacology+and+toxicology/book/978-1-58829-887-4" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Pharmacogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development</a>, a book on pharmacogenomics, diseases, personalized medicine, and therapeutics</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zpu-journal.ru/en/articles/detail.php?ID=342" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Tishchenko P. D. Genomics: New Science in the New Cultural Situation</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lcg.unam.mx/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Undergraduate program on Genomic Sciences (spanish)</a>: One of the first undergraduate programs in the world</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://cmr.jcvi.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://pathema.jcvi.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://koreagenome.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">KoreaGenome.org</a>: The first Korean Genome published and the sequence is available freely.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genomicsnetwork.ac.uk/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">GenomicsNetwork</a>: Looks at the development and use of the science and technologies of genomics.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.igs.umaryland.edu/research_topics.php" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Institute for Genome Sciences</a>: Genomics research.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-512-genomic-medicine-spring-2004/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">MIT OpenCourseWare HST.512 Genomic Medicine</a> A free, self-study course in genomic medicine. Resources include audio lectures and selected lecture notes.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics" class="external text" rel="nofollow">The Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice on eXtension</a> - provides education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals</li>
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