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Genome

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In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.[1]

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<h2>Origin of Term</h2>

The term was adapted in 1920 by Hans Winkler, Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. In Greek, the word genome (γίνομαι) means I become, I am born, to come into being. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. A few related -ome words already existed, such as biome and rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.[2]

An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:

<ul>

<li>The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes)</li> <li>The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes)</li> <li>which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.</li> <li>Hence the library contains over six billion letters total;</li> <li>The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;</li> <li>A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.</li>

</ul>

<h2>Types</h2>

~~<li id="cite_note-0"><a href="#cite_ref-0~~ <li id="cite_note-0"><a href="#cite_ref-0

</ol>

</div>

<h2>Further reading</h2>

<ul>

<li>Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). Essentials of Genomics. Prentice Hall.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Genomics&rft.aulast=Benfey&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Benfey%2C%26%2332%3BP.&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"> </li> <li>Brown, Terence A. (2002). Genomes 2. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-1859960295" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859960295">978-1859960295</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genomes+2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Terence+A.&rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BTerence+A.&rft.date=2002&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1859960295&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"> </li> <li>Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). A Primer of Genome Science (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-234-8">0-87893-234-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Genome+Science&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=Second&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Sinauer+Assoc&rft.isbn=0-87893-234-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"> </li> <li>Gregory, T. Ryan (ed) (2005). <a title="The Evolution of the Genome" href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_the_Genome">The Evolution of the Genome</a>. Elsevier. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-301463-8">0-12-301463-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Evolution+of+the+Genome%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=T.+Ryan+%28ed%29&rft.au=Gregory%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Ryan+%28ed%29&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=0-12-301463-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"> </li> <li>Reece, Richard J. (2004). Analysis of Genes and Genomes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84379-9">0-470-84379-9</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Genes+and+Genomes&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Reece%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+J.&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=0-470-84379-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"> </li> <li>Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). Handbook of Comparative Genomics. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39128-X">0-471-39128-X</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+Genomics&rft.aulast=Saccone&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BCecilia&rft.date=2003&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=0-471-39128-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"> </li> <li>Werner, E. (2003). "In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes". Drug Discov Today 8 (24): 1121–1127. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678738~~" rel="nofollow~~">14678738</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+silico+multicellular+systems+biology+and+minimal+genomes&rft.jtitle=Drug+Discov+Today&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Werner%2C%26%2332%3BE.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=1121%E2%80%931127&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2803%2902918-0&rft_id=info:pmid/14678738&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genome"> </li>

</ul>

<h2>External links</h2>

<ul>

<li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/~~" rel="nofollow~~">Build a DNA Molecule</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/02_01/Sizing_genomes.shtml~~" rel="nofollow~~">Some comparative genome sizes</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnai.org/~~" rel="nofollow~~">DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/~~" rel="nofollow~~">DNA From The Beginning</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/10001772~~" rel="nofollow~~">All About The Human Genome Project from Genome.gov</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesize.com/~~" rel="nofollow~~">Animal genome size database</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">Plant genome size database</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomesonline.org/~~" rel="nofollow~~">GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/~~" rel="nofollow~~">The Genome News Network</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj~~" rel="nofollow~~">NCBI Entrez Genome Project database</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_genome.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">NCBI Genome Primer</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm~~" rel="nofollow~~">BBC News - Final genome 'chapter' published</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.crops.org/genome/~~" rel="nofollow~~">The Plant Genome</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/~~" rel="nofollow~~">IMG</a> The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://camera.calit2.net/index.php/~~" rel="nofollow~~">CAMERA</a> Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and bioinformatics tools for metagenomic research</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genecards.org/~~" rel="nofollow~~">GeneCards</a> an integrated database of human genes.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.igib.res.in/~~" rel="nofollow~~">Genome@IGIB</a> Resources and News on the Zebrafish Genome Project @ IGIB.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.geknome.com~~" rel="nofollow~~">GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis</a> Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis for <a title="Illumina" href="/wiki/Illumina">Illumina</a> and <a title="454" href="/wiki/454">454</a> Service from GeKnome Technologies.</li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/brenner/brenner1.cfm~~" rel="nofollow~~">What Genomes Can Tell Us About the Past</a> - lecture by <a title="Sydney Brenner" href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a></li> <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.imame.org/form/genome--mid80-frz.htm~~" rel="nofollow~~">Genome metaphor, reflecting from formal-net hierarchies, and software binaries</a>.</li>

</ul>

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Genome

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