Difference between revisions of "Seongwan's Transcriptomics"
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imported>Park SeongWan (Created page with "<h1><span style="font-size:medium">Definition</span></h1> <p><strong>Transcriptomics</strong> is the study of the transcriptome—the complete set of RNA transcripts that ar...") |
imported>Park SeongWan |
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<h3> </h3> | <h3> </h3> | ||
| − | <h1>Relation between genomics and transcriptomics</h1> | + | <h1>Relation between genomics and transcriptomics and proteomics.</h1> |
<p><a href="https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjL_5i_wYnNAhXCq6YKHQwYAGkQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCentral_dogma_of_molecular_biology&bvm=bv.123325700,d.dGY&psig=AFQjCNExMcl1B8q9pPqNJRMlVj4xrRzaYQ&ust=1464962683918950" id="irc_mil" style="border-image: none"><img alt="" id="irc_mi" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg/256px-Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg" style="height:231px; margin-top:124px; width:154px" /></a></p> | <p><a href="https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjL_5i_wYnNAhXCq6YKHQwYAGkQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCentral_dogma_of_molecular_biology&bvm=bv.123325700,d.dGY&psig=AFQjCNExMcl1B8q9pPqNJRMlVj4xrRzaYQ&ust=1464962683918950" id="irc_mil" style="border-image: none"><img alt="" id="irc_mi" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg/256px-Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg" style="height:231px; margin-top:124px; width:154px" /></a></p> | ||
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<p> However, RNA undergoes many different procedure, it gets its own properties.</p> | <p> However, RNA undergoes many different procedure, it gets its own properties.</p> | ||
| − | < | + | <p> mRNA include genetic information, codon. By the sequenced codon, ribosomes translate the mRNA into protein.</p> |
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| − | < | + | <p> During the transcription and the translation, many regulation mechanism is existed to control the amount of expression of genome.</p> |
<h1> </h1> | <h1> </h1> | ||
| − | <h1> | + | <h1>What are mRNAs?</h1> |
| − | < | + | <h3><strong>Messenger RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>mRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) </span></h3> |
| − | <p | + | <p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">is a large family of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecules that convey </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Genetic information">genetic information</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="DNA">DNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, where they specify the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">sequence of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> products of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. Following </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Primary transcript">primary transcript</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> mRNA (known as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Precursor mRNA">pre-mRNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, processed, mature mRNA is </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a polymer of amino acids.</span></p> |
| − | <h3 | + | <h3><span style="font-size:medium">UTR</span></h3> |
| − | <p | + | <p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">In </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, an </span><strong>untranslated region</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>UTR</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_sequence" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Coding sequence">coding sequence</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> on a strand of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MRNA">mRNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Five prime untranslated region">5' UTR</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>leader sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_prime_untranslated_region" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Three prime untranslated region">3' UTR</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>trailer sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">).</span></p> |
| − | <h3 | + | <h3><span style="font-size:medium">poly A</span></h3> |
| − | <p | + | <p><strong>Polyadenylation</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is the addition of a </span><strong>poly(A) tail</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to a </span><a class="mw-disambig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Messenger">messenger</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.</span></p> |
| − | < | + | <h3><span style="font-size:medium">ncRNA</span></h3> |
<p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">A </span><strong>non-coding RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>ncRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a functional </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecule that is not </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (tRNAs) and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SiRNA">siRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SnRNA">snRNAs</a>.</p> | <p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">A </span><strong>non-coding RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>ncRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a functional </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecule that is not </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (tRNAs) and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SiRNA">siRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SnRNA">snRNAs</a>.</p> | ||
Revision as of 23:30, 2 June 2016
Contents
Definition
Transcriptomics is the study of the transcriptome—the complete set of RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell
Relation between genomics and transcriptomics and proteomics.
Now, we can simply imagine 'central dogma'. DNA is replicated and it can be used as a template for transcription. mRNA is used as a template for translation.
The transcriptome is the product of the transcription. Therefore, genomics and transcriptomics are very related to each other. Basically, RNA is complementary to DNA.
However, RNA undergoes many different procedure, it gets its own properties.
mRNA include genetic information, codon. By the sequenced codon, ribosomes translate the mRNA into protein.
During the transcription and the translation, many regulation mechanism is existed to control the amount of expression of genome.
What are mRNAs?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acidsequence of the protein products of gene expression. Following transcription of primary transcript mRNA (known as pre-mRNA) by RNA polymerase, processed, mature mRNA is translated into a polymer of amino acids.
UTR
In molecular genetics, an untranslated region (or UTR) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the 5' UTR (or leader sequence), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the 3' UTR (or trailer sequence).
poly A
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA. The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.
ncRNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, and snRNAs.
measurment of RNA expression
RNA-seq is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, though the older technique of DNA microarrays is still used.
