Ilsun Yun/Homework1

Genomic related words.

1. IPScell-a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.
2. polyphyodont-any animal whose teeth are continually replaced.
3. gene therapy-the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.
4. ctDNA-tumor-derived fragmented DNA in the bloodstream that is not associated with cells.
5. CRISPR-Cas9-It can be used to edit genes within organisms. This type of gene editing process has a wide variety of applications including use as a basic biology research tool, development of biotechnology products, and potentially to treat diseases.
6. allele-An alternate form of the same gene for a given trait
7. zygote-Fertilized egg
8. crossing over-crossing over is the process by which two chromosomes pair up and exchange sections of their DNA. This often occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis
9. genome-the total genetic composition of an organism or species
10. genomics-molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species
11. functional genomics-the study of how the components of a genome interact to produce the traits of an organism
12. mapping-the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other segments of DNA along individual chromosomes
13. cytogenic mapping-the localization of gene sequences within chromosomes that are viewed microscopically.
14. linkage mapping-The use of frequency of genetic recombination between different genes to determine their relative spacing and order along a chromosome.
15. physical mapping-The use of DNA cloning techniques to determine the location and distance between genes and other DNA regions.
16. genetic map-A chart that describes the relative locations of genes and other DNA segments along a chromosome.
17. locus-the site within a genetic map where a specific gene or other DNA segment is found.
18. chromosome painting-the use of computer imaging software to assign different colors to different fluorescent probes.
19. molecular marker-a segment of DNA found at a specific site along a chromosome with properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis.
20. polymorphic-difference from individual to individual within a population (gene sequences)
21. RFLP map-a linkage map composed of many RFLP markers
22. lod score method-statistical test used to determine the likelihood of linkage between two RFLP's.
23. microsatellites-short repetitive sequences that are abundantly interspersed throughout a species' genome and vary considerably in length among individuals.
24. sequence tagged site-a short segment of DNA (usually 100-400bp), the base sequence of which is found to be unique within the entire genome. Found by PCR
25. founder-a single individual who is the origin for a disease-causing allele.
26. contig-a collection of clones that contain contiguous, overlapping pieces of chromosomal DNA. Represents a physical map of the chromosome.
27. artificial chromosomes-large cloning vectors that can accomodate much larger sizes of DNA inserts. Behave like chromosomes inside living cells.
28. yeast artificial chromosome-first artificial chromosome to be created. Can contain a cloned insert up to 2 million bp in length.
29. bacterial artificial chromosomes-artificial chromosomes developed from bacterial f factors. Can handle DNA inserts up to 300,000bp. Easier to use than YAC's as they are inserted into a circular chromosome and transformed into E. Coli
30. cosmid-
    a hybrid between a plasmid vector and a phage lambda. Its DNA can replicate within a cell like a plasmid or be packaged into a protein coat like a phage. Can accept DNA inserts in the tens of thousands of base pairs.
31. positional cloning-a strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped position along a chromosome.
32. chromosome walking-a method of positional cloning in which a mapped gene or RFLP marker provides a starting point to molecularly "walk" toward a gene of interest via overlapping clones.
33. subcloning-The procedure of making smaller DNA clones from larger ones.
34. shotgun sequencing-a sequencing technique in which DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments.
35. hierarchal shotgun sequencing-a genome sequencing strategy in which small DNA fragments are mapped prior to DNA sequencing.
36. whole genome shotgun sequencing-a genome sequencing strategy in which the entire genome is isolated and sheared into small and large fragments and cloned into vectors.
37. pyrosequencing-Genomic DNA is broken into small 300 to 800bp fragments which are attached to beads via adaptors and emulsified in an oil/water mixture and isolated into droplets, which are amplified into many identical products.
38. comparative genomics-the study of differences of genomic variation between different populations
39. DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid; the hereditary material of almost all cells that makes up their genomes.
40. Inheritance-The passing down of traits from one generation to the next, at the level of the cell or the organism.
41. Mitochondrial DNA-A circular DNA molecule that can only be found in the mitochondria of all cells in the body and is inherited only from the mother.
42. Nuclear Genome-The complete set of 23 pairs of chromosomes that reside within the nucleus of the cell.
43. Genotype-The genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the composition of alleles.
44. Phenotype-The physical makeup, or appearance, of an organism or individual trait.
45. Relative Risk-An individual's risk based on family or genetic background compared to the general population.
46. Western Blot-Transfer protein to gel matrix to separate. Use a membrane which has antibodies on it to blot the gel so that desired antigens will be picked up to be observed.
47. miRNA-small non coding RNA that functions in RNA silencing and post transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They do so by binding to the 3'-UTR(untranslated region) of the target mRNA and repress protein translation
48. DNA ligase-Enzyme that helps fix the backbone of DNA by forming phosphodiester bonds