Dahyun week3

Comparative genomics

Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which the genomic features of different organisms are compared.^[2][3] The genomic features may include the DNA sequence, genes, gene order, regulatory sequences, and other genomic structural landmarks.^[3] In this branch of genomics, whole or large parts of genomes resulting from genome projects are compared to study basic biological similarities and differences as well as evolutionary relationships between organisms.^[2][4][5] The major principle of comparative genomics is that common features of two organisms will often be encoded within the DNA that is evolutionarily conserved between them.^[6] Therefore, comparative genomic approaches start with making some form of alignment of genome sequences and looking for orthologous sequences (sequences that share a common ancestry) in the aligned genomes and checking to what extent those sequences are conserved. Based on these, genome and molecular evolution are inferred and this may in turn be put in the context of, for example, phenotypic evolution or population genetics.^[7]

  Comparative genomics allows us to learn:

• By comparing genomes, we can understand which DNA regions perform which functions.
• It enables us to trace the origins and evolution of genes over time, helping us to understand how various traits have evolved.
• Understanding individual genetic variations facilitates the development of personalized medication.
• Comparing the human genome with those of other species helps identify genes related to human diseases and understand their mechanisms.
• Identifying genes involved in specific traits can enhance agricultural productivity.

ref: https://facts.net/science/biology/14-surprising-facts-about-comparative-genomics/