Ilsun Yun/Homework1

Genomic related words.

1. IPScell-a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.
2. polyphyodont-any animal whose teeth are continually replaced.
3. gene therapy-the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.
4. ctDNA-tumor-derived fragmented DNA in the bloodstream that is not associated with cells.
5. CRISPR-Cas9-It can be used to edit genes within organisms. This type of gene editing process has a wide variety of applications including use as a basic biology research tool, development of biotechnology products, and potentially to treat diseases.
6. allele-An alternate form of the same gene for a given trait
7. zygote-Fertilized egg
8. crossing over-crossing over is the process by which two chromosomes pair up and exchange sections of their DNA. This often occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis
9. genome-the total genetic composition of an organism or species
10. genomics-molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species
11. functional genomics-the study of how the components of a genome interact to produce the traits of an organism
12. mapping-the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other segments of DNA along individual chromosomes
13. cytogenic mapping-the localization of gene sequences within chromosomes that are viewed microscopically.
14. linkage mapping-The use of frequency of genetic recombination between different genes to determine their relative spacing and order along a chromosome.
15. physical mapping-The use of DNA cloning techniques to determine the location and distance between genes and other DNA regions.
16. genetic map-A chart that describes the relative locations of genes and other DNA segments along a chromosome.
17. locus-the site within a genetic map where a specific gene or other DNA segment is found.
18. chromosome painting-the use of computer imaging software to assign different colors to different fluorescent probes.
19. molecular marker-a segment of DNA found at a specific site along a chromosome with properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis.
20. polymorphic-difference from individual to individual within a population (gene sequences)
21. RFLP map-a linkage map composed of many RFLP markers
22. lod score method-statistical test used to determine the likelihood of linkage between two RFLP's.
23. microsatellites-short repetitive sequences that are abundantly interspersed throughout a species' genome and vary considerably in length among individuals.
24. sequence tagged site-a short segment of DNA (usually 100-400bp), the base sequence of which is found to be unique within the entire genome. Found by PCR
25. founder-a single individual who is the origin for a disease-causing allele.
26. contig-a collection of clones that contain contiguous, overlapping pieces of chromosomal DNA. Represents a physical map of the chromosome.
27. artificial chromosomes-large cloning vectors that can accomodate much larger sizes of DNA inserts. Behave like chromosomes inside living cells.
28. yeast artificial chromosome-first artificial chromosome to be created. Can contain a cloned insert up to 2 million bp in length.
29. bacterial artificial chromosomes-artificial chromosomes developed from bacterial f factors. Can handle DNA inserts up to 300,000bp. Easier to use than YAC's as they are inserted into a circular chromosome and transformed into E. Coli
30. cosmid-
    a hybrid between a plasmid vector and a phage lambda. Its DNA can replicate within a cell like a plasmid or be packaged into a protein coat like a phage. Can accept DNA inserts in the tens of thousands of base pairs.
31. positional cloning-a strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped position along a chromosome.
32. chromosome walking-a method of positional cloning in which a mapped gene or RFLP marker provides a starting point to molecularly "walk" toward a gene of interest via overlapping clones.
33. subcloning-The procedure of making smaller DNA clones from larger ones.
34. shotgun sequencing-a sequencing technique in which DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments.
35. hierarchal shotgun sequencing-a genome sequencing strategy in which small DNA fragments are mapped prior to DNA sequencing.
36. whole genome shotgun sequencing-a genome sequencing strategy in which the entire genome is isolated and sheared into small and large fragments and cloned into vectors.
37. Human Genome Project-a 13-year effort with US department of health to find:
    1.a genetic linkage map of the human genome
    2.a physical map of the human genome
    3.the DNA sequence of the entire human genome
    4.technology for management of the human genome
    5.analyze the genomes of other model organisms
    6.develop programs focused on on ethical, legal, and social implications of results from human genome project.
38. pyrosequencing-Genomic DNA is broken into small 300 to 800bp fragments which are attached to beads via adaptors and emulsified in an oil/water mixture and isolated into droplets, which are amplified into many identical products.
39. comparative genomics-the study of differences of genomic variation between different populations
40. DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid; the hereditary material of almost all cells that makes up their genomes.
41. Inheritance-The passing down of traits from one generation to the next, at the level of the cell or the organism.
42. Mitochondrial DNA-A circular DNA molecule that can only be found in the mitochondria of all cells in the body and is inherited only from the mother.
43. Nuclear Genome-The complete set of 23 pairs of chromosomes that reside within the nucleus of the cell.
44. Genotype-The genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the composition of alleles.
45. Phenotype-The physical makeup, or appearance, of an organism or individual trait.
46. Relative Risk-An individual's risk based on family or genetic background compared to the general population.
47. Western Blot-Transfer protein to gel matrix to separate. Use a membrane which has antibodies on it to blot the gel so that desired antigens will be picked up to be observed.
48. miRNA-small non coding RNA that functions in RNA silencing and post transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They do so by binding to the 3'-UTR(untranslated region) of the target mRNA and repress protein translation
49. DNA ligase-Enzyme that helps fix the backbone of DNA by forming phosphodiester bonds