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<p>Human genome</p> <p>-&nbsp;The&nbsp;human genome&nbsp;is the complete set of&nbsp;nucleic acid sequence&nbsp;for&nbsp;humans(<em>Homo sapiens</em>), encoded as&nbsp;DNA&nbsp;within the 23&nbsp;chromosome&nbsp;pairs in&nbsp;cell nuclei&nbsp;and in a small DNA molecule found within individual&nbsp;mitochondria. Human&nbsp;genomes&nbsp;include both protein-coding DNA genes and&nbsp;noncoding DNA.&nbsp;</p> <p>-<span style="font-size:12px"> Dif</span>ference : human individual(~0.1%), chimpanzees(~4%),&nbsp;</p> <p>-&nbsp;MicroRNA&nbsp;functions as a post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression.&nbsp;</p> <h3><span style="font-size:12px">- Completeness of the human genome sequence : Although the human genome has been completely sequenced for all practical purposes, there are still hundreds of gaps in the sequence. A recent study noted more than 160&nbsp;euchromatic&nbsp;gaps of which 50 gaps were closed. However, there are still numerous gaps in the&nbsp;heterochromatic&nbsp;parts of the genome which is much harder to&nbsp;sequence&nbsp;due to numerous&nbsp;repeats&nbsp;and other intractable sequence features.</span></h3> <p>&nbsp;summarizes the physical organization and gene content of the human&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_genome" title="Reference genome">reference genome</a>, with links to the original analysis, as published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a>&nbsp;database at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute">European Bioinformatics Institute</a>&nbsp;(EBI) and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust_Sanger_Institute" title="Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</a>.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Chromosome</th> <th>Length (mm)</th> <th>Base pairs</th> <th>Variations</th> <th>Confirmed proteins</th> <th>Putative proteins</th> <th>Pseudogenes</th> <th>miRNA</th> <th>rRNA</th> <th>snRNA</th> <th>snoRNA</th> <th>Misc ncRNA</th> <th>Links</th> <th>Centromere position (Mbp)</th> <th>Cumulative (%)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)" title="Chromosome 1 (human)">1</a></td> <td>85</td> <td>249,250,621</td> <td>4,401,091</td> <td>2,012</td> <td>31</td> <td>1,130</td> <td>134</td> <td>66</td> <td>221</td> <td>145</td> <td>106</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=1" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>125.0</td> <td>7.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2_(human)" title="Chromosome 2 (human)">2</a></td> <td>83</td> <td>243,199,373</td> <td>4,607,702</td> <td>1,203</td> <td>50</td> <td>948</td> <td>115</td> <td>40</td> <td>161</td> <td>117</td> <td>93</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=2" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>93.3</td> <td>16.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_3_(human)" title="Chromosome 3 (human)">3</a></td> <td>67</td> <td>198,022,430</td> <td>3,894,345</td> <td>1,040</td> <td>25</td> <td>719</td> <td>99</td> <td>29</td> <td>138</td> <td>87</td> <td>77</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=3" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>91.0</td> <td>23.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_4_(human)" title="Chromosome 4 (human)">4</a></td> <td>65</td> <td>191,154,276</td> <td>3,673,892</td> <td>718</td> <td>39</td> <td>698</td> <td>92</td> <td>24</td> <td>120</td> <td>56</td> <td>71</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=4" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>50.4</td> <td>29.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_5_(human)" title="Chromosome 5 (human)">5</a></td> <td>62</td> <td>180,915,260</td> <td>3,436,667</td> <td>849</td> <td>24</td> <td>676</td> <td>83</td> <td>25</td> <td>106</td> <td>61</td> <td>68</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=5" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>48.4</td> <td>35.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6_(human)" title="Chromosome 6 (human)">6</a></td> <td>58</td> <td>171,115,067</td> <td>3,360,890</td> <td>1,002</td> <td>39</td> <td>731</td> <td>81</td> <td>26</td> <td>111</td> <td>73</td> <td>67</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=6" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>61.0</td> <td>41.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_7_(human)" title="Chromosome 7 (human)">7</a></td> <td>54</td> <td>159,138,663</td> <td>3,045,992</td> <td>866</td> <td>34</td> <td>803</td> <td>90</td> <td>24</td> <td>90</td> <td>76</td> <td>70</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=7" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>59.9</td> <td>47.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_8_(human)" title="Chromosome 8 (human)">8</a></td> <td>50</td> <td>146,364,022</td> <td>2,890,692</td> <td>659</td> <td>39</td> <td>568</td> <td>80</td> <td>28</td> <td>86</td> <td>52</td> <td>42</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=8" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>45.6</td> <td>52.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)" title="Chromosome 9 (human)">9</a></td> <td>48</td> <td>141,213,431</td> <td>2,581,827</td> <td>785</td> <td>15</td> <td>714</td> <td>69</td> <td>19</td> <td>66</td> <td>51</td> <td>55</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=9" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>49.0</td> <td>56.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_10_(human)" title="Chromosome 10 (human)">10</a></td> <td>46</td> <td>135,534,747</td> <td>2,609,802</td> <td>745</td> <td>18</td> <td>500</td> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>87</td> <td>56</td> <td>56</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=10" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>40.2</td> <td>60.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)" title="Chromosome 11 (human)">11</a></td> <td>46</td> <td>135,006,516</td> <td>2,607,254</td> <td>1,258</td> <td>48</td> <td>775</td> <td>63</td> <td>24</td> <td>74</td> <td>76</td> <td>53</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=11" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>53.7</td> <td>65.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">12</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>133,851,895</td> <td>2,482,194</td> <td>1,003</td> <td>47</td> <td>582</td> <td>72</td> <td>27</td> <td>106</td> <td>62</td> <td>69</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=12" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>35.8</td> <td>70.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_13_(human)" title="Chromosome 13 (human)">13</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>115,169,878</td> <td>1,814,242</td> <td>318</td> <td>8</td> <td>323</td> <td>42</td> <td>16</td> <td>45</td> <td>34</td> <td>36</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=13" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>17.9</td> <td>73.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_14_(human)" title="Chromosome 14 (human)">14</a></td> <td>36</td> <td>107,349,540</td> <td>1,712,799</td> <td>601</td> <td>50</td> <td>472</td> <td>92</td> <td>10</td> <td>65</td> <td>97</td> <td>46</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=14" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>17.6</td> <td>76.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_15_(human)" title="Chromosome 15 (human)">15</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>102,531,392</td> <td>1,577,346</td> <td>562</td> <td>43</td> <td>473</td> <td>78</td> <td>13</td> <td>63</td> <td>136</td> <td>39</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=15" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>19.0</td> <td>79.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16_(human)" title="Chromosome 16 (human)">16</a></td> <td>31</td> <td>90,354,753</td> <td>1,747,136</td> <td>805</td> <td>65</td> <td>429</td> <td>52</td> <td>32</td> <td>53</td> <td>58</td> <td>34</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=16" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>36.6</td> <td>82.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human)" title="Chromosome 17 (human)">17</a></td> <td>28</td> <td>81,195,210</td> <td>1,491,841</td> <td>1,158</td> <td>44</td> <td>300</td> <td>61</td> <td>15</td> <td>80</td> <td>71</td> <td>46</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=17" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>24.0</td> <td>84.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_18_(human)" title="Chromosome 18 (human)">18</a></td> <td>27</td> <td>78,077,248</td> <td>1,448,602</td> <td>268</td> <td>20</td> <td>59</td> <td>32</td> <td>13</td> <td>51</td> <td>36</td> <td>25</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=18" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>17.2</td> <td>87.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_19_(human)" title="Chromosome 19 (human)">19</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>59,128,983</td> <td>1,171,356</td> <td>1,399</td> <td>26</td> <td>181</td> <td>110</td> <td>13</td> <td>29</td> <td>31</td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=19" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>26.5</td> <td>89.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_20_(human)" title="Chromosome 20 (human)">20</a></td> <td>21</td> <td>63,025,520</td> <td>1,206,753</td> <td>533</td> <td>13</td> <td>213</td> <td>57</td> <td>15</td> <td>46</td> <td>37</td> <td>34</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=20" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>27.5</td> <td>91.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_21_(human)" title="Chromosome 21 (human)">21</a></td> <td>16</td> <td>48,129,895</td> <td>787,784</td> <td>225</td> <td>8</td> <td>150</td> <td>16</td> <td>5</td> <td>21</td> <td>19</td> <td>8</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=21" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>13.2</td> <td>92.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_22_(human)" title="Chromosome 22 (human)">22</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>51,304,566</td> <td>745,778</td> <td>431</td> <td>21</td> <td>308</td> <td>31</td> <td>5</td> <td>23</td> <td>23</td> <td>23</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=22" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>14.7</td> <td>93.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X</a></td> <td>53</td> <td>155,270,560</td> <td>2,174,952</td> <td>815</td> <td>23</td> <td>780</td> <td>128</td> <td>22</td> <td>85</td> <td>64</td> <td>52</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=X" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>60.6</td> <td>99.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>59,373,566</td> <td>286,812</td> <td>45</td> <td>8</td> <td>327</td> <td>15</td> <td>7</td> <td>17</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=Y" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>12.5</td> <td>100.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a></td> <td>0.0054</td> <td>16,569</td> <td>929</td> <td>13</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>22</td> <td><a href="http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=MT" rel="nofollow">EBI</a></td> <td>N/A</td> <td>100.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>total</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>3,095,693,981</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>19,313</td> <td>738</td> <td>12,859</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>- coding seq :&nbsp;Protein-coding sequences represent the most widely studied and best understood component of the human genome. &nbsp;About 20,000 human proteins have been annotated in databases such as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniprot" title="Uniprot">Uniprot</a>.</p> <p><strong>- </strong>Protein-coding capacity per chromosome. Protein-coding genes are distributed unevenly across the chromosomes, ranging from a few dozen to more than 2000, with an especially high&nbsp;gene density&nbsp;within chromosomes 19, 11, and 1</p> <p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Human_genome_by_functions.svg/480px-Human_genome_by_functions.svg.png" /></p> <p>- non-coding DNA :&nbsp;Noncoding DNA is defined as all of the DNA sequences within a genome that are not found within protein-coding exons, and so are never represented within the amino acid sequence of expressed proteins. By this definition, more than 98% of the human genomes is composed of ncDNA.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome</p> <p>https://www.genome.gov/</p> <p>http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/info.shtml</p>

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