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<p><strong>What is Model organism?</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the&nbsp;expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>왜 MODEL ORGANISM 에 대해 ESSAY 쓰는지&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>장점&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>단점</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Which characteristics are good for model organism?</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>1. Small, easy and cheap to maintain and manipulate</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>2. Short lifespan</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>3. Produce large numbers of offspring</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>4. Development is external</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>5. Availability of mutants</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>6. Lots of history/previous experiments and discoveries</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>7. Genome is sequenced</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>8. Homologues for with&nbsp;human disease genes are high percentage.&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>9.&nbsp;Fewer ethical concerns</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>1. Viruses</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Phage lambda / Phi X 174 / SV40 / T4 Phage / Tobacco mosaic virus / Herpes simplex virus</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>2. Prokaryotes</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Bacillus subtilis / E.coli / Caulobacter crescentus / Mycoplasma genitalium / Aliivibrio fischeri / Synechocytis / Psedomonas fluorescens &nbsp; &nbsp;</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>3. Eukaryotes</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>3 - 1. Protists</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / Dictyostelium discoideum / Tetrahymena thermophila &nbsp;/ Emiliania huxleyi &nbsp;/ Thalassiosira pseudonana&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>3 - 2. Fungi</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Ashbya gossypii / Aspergillus nidulans / Coprinus cinereus / Cryptococcus neoformans /&nbsp;Neurospora crassa / &nbsp;Saccharomyces cerevisiae / &nbsp;Schizophyllum commune / Schizosaccharomyces pombe / Ustilago maydis&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>3 - 3. Plants</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Arabidopsis thaliana / The genus&nbsp;Boechera &nbsp;/ Selaginella moellendorffii / Brachypodium distachyon &nbsp;/ Setaria viridis &nbsp;/ Lotus japonicus &nbsp;/ Lemna gibba / Maize /&nbsp;Medicago truncatula &nbsp;/ Mimulus guttatus / Nicotiana benthamiana &nbsp;/ Tobacco BY-2 cells &nbsp;/ Rice &nbsp;/ Physcomitrella patens / Marchantia polymorpha / Populus&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>3 - 4. Animals</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>3 - 4. 1 Invertebrates</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Caenorhabditis elegans / Amphimedon queenslandica / Arbacia punctulata / Aplysia / Branchiostoma floridae</strong>&nbsp;/&nbsp;<strong>Caledia captiva &nbsp;/ Callosobruchus maculatus /&nbsp;Chorthippus parallelus / Ciona intestinalis / Daphnia spp / Coelopidae / Diopsidae / Drosophila / Euprymna scolopes / Galleria mellonella / Gryllus bimaculatus, / Hydra / Loligo pealei / Macrostomum lignano / Mnemiopsis leidyi / Nematostella vectensis / Oikopleura dioica / Oscarella carmela / Parhyale hawaiensis / Platynereis dumerilii &nbsp;/ Podisma&nbsp;spp / Pristionchus pacificus /Scathophaga stercoraria / Schmidtea mediterranea &nbsp;/ Stomatogastric ganglion / Strongylocentrotus purpuratus / Symsagittifera roscoffensis / Tribolium castaneum / Trichoplax adhaerens / Tubifex tubifex</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>3 - 4. 2 Vertebrates</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Laboratory&nbsp;mice / &nbsp;Bombina&nbsp;bombina / Bombina variegata / Carolina anole&nbsp;(Anolis carolinensis) / Cat&nbsp;(Felis sylvestris catus) / Chicken&nbsp;(Gallus gallus domesticus) / Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) / Dog&nbsp;(Canis lupus familiaris) / Golden hamster&nbsp;(Mesocricetus auratus) / Guinea pig&nbsp;(Cavia porcellus) / Little brown bat&nbsp;(Myotis lucifugus) / Medaka (Oryzias latipes, or Japanese ricefish) / Mouse (Mus musculus) / Naked mole-rat, (Heterocephalus glaber) / Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) / Poecilia reticulata / Rat (Rattus norvegicus) / &nbsp;rhesus monkey / Sea lamprey&nbsp;(Petromyzon marinus) / &nbsp;Takifugu (Takifugu rubripes, a&nbsp;pufferfish) / Three-spined stickleback&nbsp;(Gasterosteus aculeatus) / Xenopus tropicalis &nbsp;/ Xenopus laevis / Zebra finch&nbsp;(Taeniopygia guttata) / Zebrafish&nbsp;(Danio rerio, a freshwater fish)</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Current Models</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Drosophila &nbsp;// &nbsp;Xenopus // Zebrafish // Mouse // C. elegans // Yeast // E. coli // Arabidopsis</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>References&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>1.&nbsp;</strong><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism</a></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>2.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms</a></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>3.&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

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