View source for 2. What is the alignment? -YJ code: 123563

<p><span style="color:#FF0000"><em><span style="font-size:48px"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif">What is the alignment?</span></span></em></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif">In bioinformatics,&nbsp;a sequence alignment&nbsp;is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural&nbsp;relationships between the sequences.</span></span></p>

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<p><span style="color:#FF0000"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif"><span style="font-size:48px"><em>Pairwise alignment</em></span></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif"><span style="font-size:18px">Pairwise sequence alignment methods are used to find the best-matching piecewise (local) or global alignments of two query sequences. Pairwise alignments can only be used between two sequences at a time, but they are efficient to calculate and are often used for methods that do not require extreme precision. The three primary methods of producing pairwise alignments are dot-matrix methods, dynamic programming, and word methods. however, multiple sequence alignment techniques can also align pairs of sequences. Although each method has its individual strengths and weaknesses, all three pairwise methods have difficulty with highly repetitive sequences of low information content.&nbsp;One way of quantifying the utility of a given pairwise alignment is the &#39;maximum unique match&#39; (MUM), or the longest subsequence that occurs in both query sequences. Longer MUM sequences typically reflect closer relatedness.</span></span></p>

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<p><span style="color:#FF0000"><em><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif"><span style="font-size:48px">Dot-matrix methods</span></span></em></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif">The dot-matrix approach, which implicitly produces a family of alignments for individual sequence regions, is qualitative and conceptually simple, though time-consuming to analyze on a large scale. In the absence of noise, it can be easy to visually identify certain sequence features (such as insertions, deletions and&nbsp;repeats) from a dot-matrix plot. To construct a dot-matrix plot, the two sequences are written along the top row and leftmost column of a two-dimensional matrix&nbsp;and a dot is placed at any point where the characters in the appropriate columns match.&nbsp;Some implementations vary the size or intensity of the dot depending on the degree of similarity of the two characters, to accommodate conservative substitutions.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif">Problems with dot plots as an information display technique include: noise, lack of clarity, non-intuitiveness, difficulty extracting match summary statistics and match positions on the two sequences. There is also much wasted space where the match data is inherently duplicated across the diagonal and most of the actual area of the plot is taken up by either empty space or noise, and, finally, dot-plots are limited to two sequences.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

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<p><em><strong><span style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif">Reference :</span></span></strong></em></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;Mount DM. (2004).&nbsp;<em>Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis</em>&nbsp;(2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif">2. &nbsp;Henikoff S (May 2001). &quot;Predicting deleterious amino acid substitutions&quot;.&nbsp;<em>Genome Res</em>.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif">3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment</span></span></p>