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<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">2016 Genomics</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Week9_ essay</span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Why cancer is more dangerous to men?</span></span></p>

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<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;20141497</span></span></p>

<p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chaeeun Lee</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Introduction</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp; &nbsp;Around the world, a lot of people suffer from cancer. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. According to National Cancer Institute in U.S., cancer mortality is higher among men than women (207.9 per 100,000 men and 145.4 per 100,000 women). Therefore, it can be a problem that why it is more dangerous to men than women.</span></span></p>

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<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Result</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp; &nbsp;To begin with, there are different habits or life patterns between genders that can cause the difference. One of the things is smoking which can damage the DNA. This means the damaged DNA can cause mutation and it can cause cancer. According to the WHO paper, men smoke nearly five times as much as women around the world. Also, diagnosis can be a problem. In case of gender specific gene, women can have more opportunity to find it earlier because they are used to visiting obstetrics when they are pregnant.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; Moreover, it is also important factor that men have larger height and weight than women in average. In statistics, men&rsquo;s height is about 1.08 times higher than women. In other words, it means men have more cells than women.</span></span><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp;So, if the mutation rate is same, cancer cell might have more chance to occur in men. Also, based on 2008-2012 deaths, cancer mortality is highest in African American men (261.5 per 100,000) who are one of tallest ethnic groups which has 178cm tall in average and lowest in Asian/Pacific Islander women (91.2 per 100,000) whose height was 158cm in average.</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp; &nbsp;Genetically, men have X and Y chromosome but women have both X chromosome. So, if a man have mutated gene in Y chromosome, it is directly passed to their son. If man have mutated gene in X chromosome, it is also passed to their daughter. However, it is more harmful for the first case. As seeing the NIH data, X chromosome likely contains 800 to 900 genes that give instructions for making proteins but Y chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes&nbsp;for it. Therefore, one mutated gene has more impact in Y chromosome and the probability of cancer outbreak become increase.</span></span></p>

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<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Reference</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/microbe-matters/curing_cancer_why_not_use</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">http://halls.md/chart/men-height-b.htm</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Sara C Hitchman&nbsp;<sup>a</sup>&nbsp;&amp; Geoffrey T Fong, Gender empowerment and female-to-male smoking prevalence ratios</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_average_human_height_worldwide</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome/Y#resources</span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:14px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome/X</span></span></p>