Changes
From Biolecture.org
no edit summary
<p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenomics#Relation_to_other_genomic_fields</span></span></p>
<hr />
<p class="0"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">- Definition of Cancer. </span></span></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Cancer, also known as a malignant tumor or malignant neoplasm, is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.</span></span></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-familysize: Ariallarge;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">- Symptoms of Cancer.</span></span></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">General symptoms occur due to distant effects of the cancer that are not related to direct or metastatic spread. These may include: unintentional weight loss, fever, being excessively tired, and changes to the skin. Hodgkin disease, leukemias, and cancers of the liver or kidney can cause a persistent fever of unknown origin.</span></span></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Some cancers may cause specific groups of systemic symptoms, termed paraneoplastic phenomena. Examples include the appearance of myasthenia gravis in thymoma and clubbing in lung cancer. </span></span></p><p class="0"><span style="font-familysize: Ariallarge;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">- Causes of Cancer.</span></span></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">The great majority of cancers, some 90</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">95% of cases, are due to environmental factors. The remaining 5</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">10% are due to inherited genetics. Environmental, as used by cancer researchers, means any cause that is not inherited genetically, such as lifestyle, economic and behavioral factors, and not merely pollution. Common environmental factors that contribute to cancer death include tobacco (25</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">30%), diet and obesity (30</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">35%), infections (15</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">–</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">20%), radiation (both ionizing and non-ionizing, up to 10%), stress, lack of physical activity, and environmental pollutants.</span></span></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-familysize: Ariallarge;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">- Definition of Aging. </span></span></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Aging is the process of becoming older. It represents the accumulation of changes in a person over time. In humans, ageing refers to a multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social change.</span></span></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-familysize: Ariallarge;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">- Effects of Aging.</span></span></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Age is a major risk factor for most common neurodegenerative diseases, including Mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease. Steady decline in many cognitive processes is seen across the lifespan, accelerating from the twenties or even thirties. Research has focused in particular on memory and ageing and has found decline in many types of memory with ageing, but not in semantic memory or general knowledge such as vocabulary definitions, which typically increases or remains steady until the late adulthood. Early studies on changes in cognition with age generally found declines in intelligence in the elderly, but studies were cross-sectional rather than longitudinal and thus results may be an artefact of cohort rather than a true example of decline. However, longitudinal studies could be confounded due to prior test experience. Intelligence may decline with age, though the rate may vary depending on the type and may in fact remain steady throughout most of the lifespan, dropping suddenly only as people near the end of their lives. Individual variations in rate of cognitive decline may therefore be explained in terms of people having different lengths of life. There are changes to the brain: though neuron loss is minor after 20 years of age there is a 10% reduction each decade in the total length of the brain's myelinated axons. </span></span></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="0"><span style="font-familysize: Ariallarge;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">- References.</span></span></p><p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer#Causes</span></span></p>
<p class="0"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing</span></span></p>
