Changes
From Biolecture.org
no edit summary
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px">The two modern implementations of S are<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="R (programming language)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)">R</a>, part of the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="GNU" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU">GNU</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>free software project, and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="S-PLUS" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a>.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px"> </p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 13px; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; zoom: 1; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-top: 7px; padding-left: 7px; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; display: table; padding-right: 7px; background-color: rgb(249,249,249)"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center"><h2 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 13px; border-top: medium none; font-family: sans-serif; border-right: medium none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: medium none; font-weight: bold; color: black; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; border-left: medium none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; padding-right: 0px">Contents</h2><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12px; -webkit-user-select: none"> [<a id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#">hide</a>] </span></div><ul p style="list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0.3em 0px; list-style-image: none; line-height: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px"> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul style="list-style-type: none; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; list-style-image: none; line-height: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px"> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#.22Old_S.22"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">"Old S"</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#.22New_S.22"><span class="tocnumber"b>1.2</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">"New S"</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#S4"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">S4</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#References"><span class="tocnumber">2</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">3</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px"> </p><h2 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: black; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding-right: 0pxlarge"><span id="History" class="mw-headline">HistoryHistoy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: rgb(85,85,85); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px">[</span><a title="Edit section: History" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1"b>edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: rgb(85,85,85); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px">]</span></span></h2p><h3 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.17em; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom-style: none; font-weight: bold; color: black; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; line-height: 1.6"><span id=".22Old_S.22" class="mw-headline">"Old S"</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: rgb(85,85,85); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px">[</span><a title="Edit section: "Old S"" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: rgb(85,85,85); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px">]</span></span></h3>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px">S is one of several statistical computing languages that were designed at Bell Laboratories, and first took form between 1975–1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_1-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1"><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_note-Becker-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Up to that time, much of the statistical computing was done by directly calling<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="Fortran" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>subroutines; however, S was designed to offer an alternate and more interactive approach. Early design decisions that hold even today include interactive graphics devices (printers and character terminals at the time), and providing easily accessible documentation for the functions.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px">The first working version of S was built in 1976, and operated on the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="General Comprehensive Operating System" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Comprehensive_Operating_System">GCOS</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>operating system. At this time, S was unnamed, and suggestions included<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Interactive SCS (ISCS)</i>,<i>Statistical Computing System</i>, and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Statistical Analysis System</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(which was already taken: see<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="SAS System" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_System">SAS System</a>). The name 'S' (used with single quotation marks, until 1979) was chosen, as it has the common letter used in statistical computing, and is consistent with other programming languages designed from the same institution at the time (namely the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="C (programming language)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)">C programming language</a>).</p>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 12px">
<ol class="references" style="font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; list-style-image: none; line-height: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px">
<li id="cite_note-Becker-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none">^<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Becker_1-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Becker_1-1"><sup style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFBecker" class="citation" style="word-wrap: break-word">Becker, Richard A.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/stat/doc/94.11.ps" rel="nofollow"><i>A Brief History of S</i></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 10px">(PS)</span>, Murray Hill, New Jersey: AT&T Bell Laboratories<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap">2014-08-18</span></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none"><b><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-2"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word">Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1984).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics</i>. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-534-03313-X" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-03313-X">0-534-03313-X</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none"><b><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-3"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word">Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1985).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Extending the S System</i>. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-534-05016-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-05016-6">0-534-05016-6</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none"><b><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-4"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word">Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M.; Wilks, A.R. (1988).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>The New S Language: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics</i>. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.<a title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-534-09192-X" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-09192-X">0-534-09192-X</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none"><b><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-5"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word">Chambers, J.M.; Hastie, T.J. (1991).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Statistical Models in S</i>. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. p. 624.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-412-05291-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-05291-1">0-412-05291-1</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none"><b><a style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)#cite_ref-6"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="overflow: hidden; border-top: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; border-right: 0px; width: 1px !important; border-bottom: 0px; position: absolute !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; border-left: 0px; top: -99999px; padding-right: 0px !important; -webkit-user-select: none">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word">Wilkinsons, G.N.; Rogers, C.E. (1973). "Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance".<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Applied Statistics</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>22</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(3): 392–399.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2346786" rel="nofollow">10.2307/2346786</a>.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="JSTOR" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2346786" rel="nofollow">2346786</a>.</span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; font-weight: normal; color: black; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding-right: 0px"><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; -webkit-user-select: none"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: rgb(85,85,85); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px">[</span><a title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: rgb(85,85,85); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); line-height: 1.5em; padding-right: 0px">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/stat/doc/96.7.ps" rel="nofollow">Evolution of the S Language</a>, by John M. Chambers, discusses the new features in Version 4 of S (in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a title="PostScript" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(11,0,128)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript">PostScript</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>format)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a class="external text" style="text-decoration: none; background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: rgb(102,51,102); padding-right: 13px" rel="nofollow" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/departments/sia/S/history.html" rel="nofollow">Stages in the Evolution of S</a>, by John M. Chambers</li>
</ul>
</div>
