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<p><span style="font-size: large"><b>History</b></span><span style="font-size: medium"><b><br />
</b></span><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Origin of the term<br />
</b></span><span style="font-size: small">The term "metagenomics" was first used by Jo Handelsman, Jon Clardy, Robert M. Goodman, and others, and first appeared in publication in 1998.[4]</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small">The term [[metagenome ]] referenced the idea that a collection of genes sequenced from the environment could be analyzed in a way analogous to the study of a single genome. The exploding interest in environmental genetics, along with the buzzword-like nature of the term, has resulted in the broader use of metagenomics to describe any sequencing of genetic material from environmental (i.e. uncultured) samples, even work that focuses on one organism or gene. Recently, Kevin Chen and Lior Pachter (researchers at the University of California, Berkeley) defined metagenomics as "the application of modern genomics techniques to the study of communities of microbial organisms directly in their natural environments, bypassing the need for isolation and lab cultivation of individual species."[5]</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium"><b>Environmental gene surveys<br />
</b></span>Conventional sequencing begins with a culture of identical cells as a source of DNA. However, early metagenomic studies revealed that there are probably large groups of microorganisms in many environments that cannot be cultured and thus cannot be sequenced. These early studies focused on 16S ribosomal RNA sequences which are relatively short, often conserved within a species, and generally different between species. Many 16S rRNA sequences have been found which do not belong to any known cultured species, indicating that there are numerous non-isolated organisms out there.</p>
