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Full text link&nbsp;:&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci]<br/> &nbsp;
 
Like other biological macromolecules such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide polysaccharides]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid nucleic acids], proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology) cells]. Many proteins are&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme enzymes]&nbsp;that&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis catalyse]&nbsp;biochemical reactions and are vital to&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism metabolism]. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin actin]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin myosin]&nbsp;in muscle and the proteins in the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton cytoskeleton], which form a system of&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding scaffolding]&nbsp;that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling,&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody immune responses],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion cell adhesion], and the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle cell cycle]. In animals, proteins are needed in the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition) diet]&nbsp;to provide the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid essential amino acids]&nbsp;that cannot be&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis synthesized].&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion Digestion]&nbsp;breaks the proteins down for metabolic use.
Proteins may be&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_purification purified]&nbsp;from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultracentrifugation ultracentrifugation],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry) precipitation],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophoresis electrophoresis], and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography chromatography]; the advent of&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering genetic engineering]&nbsp;has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemistry immunohistochemistry],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis site-directed mutagenesis],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography X-ray crystallography],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance nuclear magnetic resonance]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry mass spectrometry].<br/> &nbsp; === PPI (Protein-Protein interaction) === '''Protein–protein interactions'''&nbsp;('''PPIs''') are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein protein]&nbsp;molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_forces electrostatic forces],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond hydrogen bonding]&nbsp;and the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect hydrophobic effect]. Many are physical contacts with molecular associations between chains that occur in a cell or in a living organism in a specific biomolecular context. Proteins rarely act alone as their functions tend to be regulated. Many molecular processes within a cell are carried out by&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_machine molecular machines]&nbsp;that are built from numerous protein components organized by their PPIs. These physiological interactions make up the so-called&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactome interactomics]&nbsp;of the organism, while aberrant PPIs are the basis of multiple aggregation-related diseases, such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease Alzheimer's diseases]. PPIs have been studied with&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_to_investigate_protein–protein_interactions many methods]&nbsp;and from different perspectives:&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry biochemistry],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry quantum chemistry],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics molecular dynamics],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction signal transduction], among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Titeca_2019_1-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction#cite_note-Titeca_2019-1 [1]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction#cite_note-2 [2]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction#cite_note-3 [3]]<br/sup> &nbsp;All this information enables the creation of large protein interaction networks<sup id="cite_ref-Mashaghi.2C_A._2004_113.E2.80.93121_4-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction#cite_note-Mashaghi,_A._2004_113–121-4 [4]]<br/sup> &nbsp;– similar to&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_network metabolic]&nbsp;or&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_networks genetic/epigenetic networks]&nbsp;– that empower the current knowledge on&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade biochemical cascades]&nbsp;and molecular etiology of disease, as well as the discovery of putative protein targets of therapeutic interest.<br/> <br/> full text link&nbsp;:&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein_interaction]
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