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== 2024.03.29 ==

<img style="width: 484px; height: 454px;" src=http://Biolecture.org/upload/20240329131251_image.png><br/> full txt link&nbsp;:&nbsp;[https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/rights/471412.html https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/rights/471412.html]<br/> <br/> <br/> &nbsp;

== 2024.04.05 ==

=== DNA ===

Within eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome chromosomes]. Before typical&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division cell division], these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell.&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote Eukaryotic organisms]&nbsp;([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal animals],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant plants],&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus fungi]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist protists]) store most of their DNA inside the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus cell nucleus]&nbsp;as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA nuclear DNA], and some in the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion mitochondria]&nbsp;as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA mitochondrial DNA]&nbsp;or in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast chloroplasts]&nbsp;as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA chloroplast DNA].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-5 ^[5]]&nbsp;In contrast,&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote prokaryotes]&nbsp;([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria bacteria]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea archaea]) store their DNA only in the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm cytoplasm], in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_chromosome circular chromosomes]. Within eukaryotic chromosomes,&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin chromatin]&nbsp;proteins, such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone histones], compact and organize DNA. These compacting structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.<br/> <br/> full text link&nbsp;:&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA]

=== RNA ===

It has become widely accepted in science[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA#cite_note-1 ^[1]]&nbsp;that early in the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_life_on_Earth history of life on Earth], prior to the evolution of DNA and possibly of protein-based&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme enzymes]&nbsp;as well, an "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world RNA world]" existed in which RNA served as both living organisms' storage method for&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information genetic information]—a role fulfilled today by DNA, except in the case of&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_virus RNA viruses]—and potentially performed catalytic functions in cells—a function performed today by protein enzymes, with the notable and important exception of the ribosome, which is a&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozyme ribozyme].<br/> <br/> Full text link&nbsp;:&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA]

=== eQTL ===

Mapping eQTLs is done using standard&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QTL QTL]&nbsp;mapping methods that test the linkage between variation in expression and genetic polymorphisms. The only considerable difference is that eQTL studies can involve a million or more expression microtraits. Standard gene mapping software packages can be used, although it is often faster to use custom code such as QTL Reaper or the web-based eQTL mapping system&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeneNetwork GeneNetwork]. GeneNetwork hosts many large eQTL mapping data sets and provide access to fast algorithms to map single loci and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis epistatic]&nbsp;interactions. As is true in all QTL mapping studies, the final steps in defining DNA variants that cause variation in traits are usually difficult and require a second round of experimentation. This is especially the case for trans eQTLs that do not benefit from the strong prior probability that relevant variants are in the immediate vicinity of the parent gene. Statistical, graphical, and bioinformatic methods are used to evaluate positional candidate genes and entire systems of interactions.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci#cite_note-Kulp_2006-18 ^[18]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci#cite_note-Lee_2009-19 ^[19]]&nbsp;The development of single cell technologies, and parallel advances in statistical methods has made it possible to define even subtle changes in eQTLs as cell-states change.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci#cite_note-20 ^[20]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci#cite_note-21 ^[21]]