61
edits
Changes
From Biolecture.org
Created page with " = Comparative genomics = '''Comparative genomics''' is a field of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology biological research] in which the [https://en.wi..."
= Comparative genomics =
'''Comparative genomics''' is a field of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology biological research] in which the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome genomic] features of different [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism organisms] are compared.<sup id="cite_ref-scitable_2-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics#cite_note-scitable-2 [2]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xia_3-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics#cite_note-Xia-3 [3]]</sup> The genomic features may include the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence DNA sequence], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genes genes], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synteny gene order], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sequences regulatory sequences], and other genomic structural landmarks.<sup id="cite_ref-Xia_3-1">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics#cite_note-Xia-3 [3]]</sup> In this branch of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics genomics], whole or large parts of genomes resulting from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_projects genome projects] are compared to study basic biological similarities and differences as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary evolutionary] relationships between organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-scitable_2-1">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics#cite_note-scitable-2 [2]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell_4-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics#cite_note-Russell-4 [4]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-primrose_5-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics#cite_note-primrose-5 [5]]</sup> The major principle of comparative genomics is that common features of two organisms will often be encoded within the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA DNA] that is evolutionarily [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence conserved] between them.<sup id="cite_ref-6">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics#cite_note-6 [6]]</sup> Therefore, comparative genomic approaches start with making some form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment alignment] of genome sequences and looking for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortholog orthologous] sequences (sequences that share a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent common ancestry]) in the aligned genomes and checking to what extent those sequences are conserved. Based on these, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_evolution genome] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_evolution molecular evolution] are inferred and this may in turn be put in the context of, for example, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypic] evolution or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics population genetics].<sup id="cite_ref-ellegren_7-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics#cite_note-ellegren-7 [7]]</sup><br/> <br/> Comparative genomics allows us to learn:
*By comparing genomes, we can understand which DNA regions perform which functions.
*It enables us to trace the origins and evolution of genes over time, helping us to understand how various traits have evolved.
*Understanding individual genetic variations facilitates the development of personalized medication.
*Comparing the human genome with those of other species helps identify genes related to human diseases and understand their mechanisms.
*Identifying genes involved in specific traits can enhance agricultural productivity.
<br/> ref: [https://facts.net/science/biology/14-surprising-facts-about-comparative-genomics/ https://facts.net/science/biology/14-surprising-facts-about-comparative-genomics/]
