Changes

Research paper

18,601 bytes added, 14:26, 3 December 2016

no edit summary

~~2016 Genomics UNIST~~Title: Solving the puzzle about Bowhead whale longevity and its low risk to cancer

<~~strong~~em>~~Is the Darwin's Evolution theory perfect?~~Madina Seidualy </~~strong~~em>

~~-The Error~~ Ulsan National Institute of ~~Darwinism by Scientifical View—~~Science and Technology

Abstract:  Bowhead whale is the longest living organism and have enormous body size, body mass. According hypothesis, their cells have to proliferate plenty times, in the long run this organism should have high risk to cancer, but it is surprisingly vise versa.  There is should be regulation involved in Bowhead whale, which is contributes to repress cancer in their body.  Deep diving of the whale in bottom of ocean, induces hypoxia in the organism. Remarkably, in tumor same condition occurs, and in the human body they succeed to induce angiogenesis, in outcome formed vessels supply cancer cell, which will further grow and increase migratory and metastasis.  This paper suggest that Bowhead whale angiogenesis process that manage hypoxia condition in whale body may play important role in repressing cancer.  Moreover, paper includes current anti-angiogenesis drugs in clinical approaches, and tries to find solution to their side effects.   Introduction:   One of the longest – living animals of the earth is the Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus), which is estimated to live over 200 years. These animals can weigh from 75 to 100 tons, and live entirely in  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a>  and sub-Arctic waters. [1]     Before there was assumption about that, if body size and mass big, the greater chance to get mutations in the cell and high risk to the cancer, due to large number of cell replication in the body. Although, the bowhead whale lives more than 200 years and have huge body size, hardly ever gets cancer. Thereby they should maintain protective molecular adaptations relevant to age-related diseases, particularly cancer. [2]     In 2015, Michael Keane, Jeremy Semeiks and several scientists together published a paper in Cell Press Reports about mapping the bowhead whale genome, with the title “Insights into the Evolution of Longevity from the Bowhead Whale Genome”, where they reported the sequencing and comparative analysis of the bowhead whale genomes. In paper, scientists after sequencing, identified positive selected genes and bowhead-specific mutations, and tried to correlate them with aging and cancer. Especially, in that paper more focus were given to DNA repair, cancer, cell –cycle linked gene’s modifications. Moreover, researchers made an available online data on the website (http://www.bowhead-whale.org) for other interested ones to conduct research further within their information.   My research facilitated from this scientific article, with the aid from their whale genome portal. Close look to the condition and structure of the Bowhead whale might give rewarding solutions to the current issues, related to diseases, against cancers or aging. To be specific, my current focus is on the behavior of the cancer and linking it to the Bowhead whale, and find         The problem: The most abundant baleen Minke whale is the closest relative to the Bowhead whale, which diverged from each other only 25-30 million years ago. [3] The catching thing here is that, even though they have around 96%  matched protein coding sequences, their characteristic features highly remarkable.   <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:179px">   </td> <td style="width:227px">                   Lifespan </td> <td style="width:217px">                          Body mass </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:179px"> Minke Whale </td> <td style="width:227px">                   max. 50 years [4] </td> <td style="width:217px">                                   <10tons </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:179px"> Bowhead Whale </td> <td style="width:227px">          more than 200 years </td> <td style="width:217px">                   70~90tons </td> </tr> </tbody></table>    The main current issue is how with that small proportion difference in protein coding could lead to significant changes in the phenotype of the two animals. In addition, through this paper I will suggest hypothesis about how bowhead whale could confer cancer resistance. <table align="right" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="height:302px; width:341px"> <img alt=" Figure 1.Tumor hypoxia[6]" src="/ckfinder/userfiles/images/tumor%20hypoxia.gif" style="height:260px; width:360px" />Figure 1. Tumor hypoxia [6] </td> </tr> </tbody></table>   My idea:  It is highly accepted that during the tumor, cancer cells deprives from oxygen supply, due to active proliferation level of the cells. So, in tumor regions oxygen concentration level significantly lower than in healthy tissues. This condition called tumor hypoxia, and cancer cells alter metabolism in order to support their growth, replication.  Furthermore, due to hypoxia tumor cells change their behavior, like extracellular matrix remodeling and increased migratory and metastatic behavior. [5] The mechanism that cancer cells turn on during the hypoxia condition is that they release their target genes in angiogenesis, such a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as a result the new blood vessel formation will happen, which encourages above described tumor behavior.  So far, for whales in order survive had to adapt to deep sights of the oceans, consequently by evolution they induces hypoxia during the prolonged diving under the water.  My main idea is that since in Bowhead whale body most of the time observed the hypoxia condition, they somehow can control their angiogenesis. It means they have their distinctive way or metabolism, that make their organism resistant to cancer. Close investigation in this area will unveil an anti- cancer metabolism‘s secret, which in further might be applied to cancer treatment approaches. <table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="height:192px; width:588px"> <img alt="Картинки по запросу tumor hypoxia" src="/ckfinder/userfiles/images/tumor.jpg" style="height:267px; width:574px" />Figure 2. Tumor cells under hypoxic stress (low oxygen partial pressure, PO2) secrete vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in response to the HIFa.[7] </td> </tr> </tbody></table>                        There are required close look to the every single gene variants, since almost all protein coding genes almost same with a minke whale. In paper, introduced above, scientists tried to look to ever bowhead-specific amino acid replacement mechanisms in DNA repair, or cell-cycle proteins. However, I wish to investigate Bowhead specific amino acid changes in proteins responsible to angiogenesis process. The details:  Cells undergo a variety of biological responses when placed in hypoxic conditions, including activation of signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, angiogenesis and death. Cancer cells have adapted these pathways, allowing tumors to survive and even grow under hypoxic conditions, and tumor hypoxia is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to radiation therapy. Many elements of the hypoxia-response pathway are therefore good candidates for therapeutic targeting (Harris, 2002).[8] Furthermore, using Bowhead Whale Genome Portal conducted corresponding analysis for proteins responsible for angiogenesis. Especially, I looked for VEGF co-regulated chemokine 1 (CXCL17) [9], according to data this protein matched with cow protein, and human.   Uncommon was that there were no matching information about this protein in between bowhead and minke whale, even though almost all other proteins have been matched. Does that mean that minke whale does not express such protein in their body? Below in table, matching information between bowhead whale and cow VEGF. <div><h4>  Gene Details</h4></div> VEGF co-regulated chemokine 1 <div><h4>Gene match  (Ensembl Protein ID:  <a href="http://www.ensembl.org/Bos_taurus/Gene/Summary?db=core;p=ENSBTAP00000024820">ENSBTAP00000024820</a>, Cow)</h4></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:461px"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="height:36px"> Protein Percentage </td> <td style="height:36px"> 77.12% </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height:32px"> cDNA percentage </td> <td style="height:32px"> 87.01% </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height:29px"> Ka/Ks Ratio </td> <td style="height:29px"> 0.71929 (Ka = 0.1327, Ks = 0.1844) </td> </tr> </tbody></table>   In Bowhead Whale Genome portal, there was not information about human VEGF matching, so I run BLAST program, by comparing amino acid sequences of our interested protein of the two species. As a result <table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:89px"> Score </td> <td style="width:65px"> Expect </td> <td style="width:137px"> Method </td> <td style="width:113px"> Identities </td> <td style="width:122px"> Positives </td> <td style="width:97px"> Gaps </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:89px"> 177 bits(449) </td> <td style="width:65px"> ~~20141497~~4e-64 </td> <td style="width:137px"> Compositional matrix adjust. </td> <td style="width:113px"> 98/119(82%) </td> <td style="width:122px"> 107/119(89%) </td> <td style="width:97px"> 0/119(0%) </td> </tr> </tbody></table> : <table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="height:292px; width:623px"> <img src="/ckfinder/userfiles/images/vegf%20(2).png" style="float:left; height:280px; width:570px" />

<strong>                                                                                                                       Chaeeun Lee

<p~~> ~~Introduction

~~             Regarding the history~~ Figure 3. Blast results of ~~evolution, we cannot say it without Darwin's Evolution theory. According to his theory, mutation occurs~~ human and ~~the species has survived by~~bowhead VEGF natural selection. It has been one of the famous evolution theories around the world. Also, the theory contributed enlightenment and make people to recognize the evolution during the religious era. Although his theory looks fit well in nature, it contains some scientific errors. It also affected to societal, politic and religious problem but this paper just want to point out the error or limitation by scientific view by following reasonsco-regulated chekine 1 protein.~~ ~~[10] </td> </tr> </tbody></table>

~~Body~~

<p>             To begin with, Darwinism has been interpreted in various ways and a lot of information is added and mixed. So, nowadays, it is hard to say Darwin said from where to where and what <a href="http://d4nations.com/webpubl/articles/charles-robert-darwin--darwinism.html"><img alt="La_teor_a_de_la_evoluci_n_de_las_especies.jpg" src="http://d4nations.com/webpubl/images/La_teor_a_de_la_evoluci_n_de_las_especies.jpg" style="border-style:solid; border-width:0px; float:right; height:144px; margin:0px; width:100px" /></a>his exact intention of his theory. The picture on the right side is typical example of pictures which represent the evolution. However, as this picture shows, Darwinism makes people to think as if people evolved from monkeys or Chimpanzees. Actually, all species are genetically related in some sense. So, it is rather have to be a branch structure like an evolutionary tree. In addition, reproduction cannot occur between different species. Therefore, it is not trans-mutated by species to species but go through their own way to evolve in changing environment.

<p>             Furthermore, one of the famous explanations of his theory of evolution is natural selection. Although there are plenty of examples that explain the natural selection, but natural selection also have some errors.  According to his theory, all species go through variation and the only group who could successfully adapt in the circumstance can be survived. However, acquired characteristics happen during life in certain cell and are not inherited. If it caused by DNA-methylation, it can change genes but in this case, we also cannot say that it would be inherited to next generation. For example, suppose there was an ape which can walk by two legs. This does not definitely mean that his or her babies can walk by two legs.     Moreover, it stated that the mutation occur accidentally or randomly. While, we cannot say that all evolution is caused by random mutation. Evolution directs to achieve more profitable way in certain species.

<p>             In case of sexual selection, in his theory, it cannot be said as perfect. According to sexual selection, female choose sexually favorable and beauty males to mate. Therefore, more attractive organisms mate more and the offspring finally remained. However, it did not fit with all species. People, as a human, do not follow the mechanism and we cannot estimate the sexual favorability of other species. Also, in case of animal, usually, female species mate with not just one male so we cannot say that only sexually favorable groups remained. Moreover, nowadays, human modified the gene of certain species such as livestock, fish and fruit. In this case, it is hard to explain by natural selection or sexual selection because it is mutated for humans need.

~~Conclusion~~

<p~~> ~~      Darwinism admitted the biological evolution and it leads to develop other biological research.

~~We cannot say that Darwin~~&~~rsquo~~nbsp;~~s theory of evolution is definitely wrong. However, there is no flawless and complete scientific theory which fits any situation in nature.~~

<~~span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"~~/p> <~~span style="font-size:12px"~~p>~~That is why we need scientific research and critical thinking.~~ </~~span~~p> <~~/span~~p>

~~Reference~~ According to outcome, 21 amino acid changes in VEGF co regulated chemokine 1 were observed, among them 12 amino acid had non-synonymous variation.  These modifications could lead to specific features to the angiogenesis. There are also more proteins that responsible to new vessel formation in organism. So further research indeed necessary.

<~~span style="font-size~~strong>Related works:~~12px"~~~~Arthur M. Lesk, Introduction to Genomics 162-187~~

~~~~angiogenesis drugs commonly used in clinics, especially vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor agents most popular among cancer treating drugs. To give an example, Bevacizumab (<a href="~~http~~https://enwww.~~wikipedia~~cancer.~~org~~gov/Common/~~wiki~~PopUps/~~Darwinism~~popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000367431&version=Patient&language=English">~~http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism~~Avastin</a>®) is an antibody that specifically recognizes and binds to VEGF, so making it unable to attach and activate the VEGF receptor.[11] In addition, it was one of the first angiogenesis inhibitors, and showed positive results in medication, like halting tumor growth, and also could prolong cancer patient’s life. There are other anti-angiogenesis drugs, like sorafenib and sunitinib, which cease angiogenesis in different way: bind to receptors on the surface of endothelial cells or to other proteins in the downstream signaling pathways, blocking their activities [12].

<tbody> <tr> <td style="~~margin-left~~height: ~~38pt~~305px;width:538px"> <~~a href~~img src="~~http:~~/ckfinder/~~ghr.nlm.nih.gov~~userfiles/~~primer~~images/~~mutationsanddisorders/genemutation~~angiogenesis.jpg" style="~~>http~~float:left; height:279px; width:528px" /~~/ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation</a~~>

Figure.4. The way an angiogenesis inhibitors work </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <~~a href~~span style="~~http~~font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">  </~~en.wikipedia.org~~span></~~wiki~~span></~~The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex#Part_II_and_III~~p> ~~http~~When the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave approval to those drugs, it was known that anti-angiogenesis drugs would not have huge side effects. Nevertheless, present researches discovered that by inhibiting vessel formation process, in body takes place unfavorable circumstance, that decrease the effectiveness of the drug. Importantly, in heart cause to stroke or heart attack due to assembling of the clots in arteries, also there is disadvantages in fetal development, wound healing.~~wikipedia~~Since those drugs stops function of the VEGF, those proteins have tendency to accumulate in the urine, cause kidney defects.~~org~~</~~wiki~~span></~~The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex#Part_II_and_III~~span> </aspan style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">  According to my hypothesis, if we used VEGF or other proteins, that themselves can control angiogenesis process, side effects like from anti-angiogenesis drugs would not occur. Bowhead whale’s vessel system supplies huge whale organism and at the same time keep it in hypoxia condition.

References: [1]  <cite>~~Wilkins~~Rugh, ~~John~~ David J.; Shelden, Kim E. W. (21 2008). "Bowhead Whale". In Perrin, William F.;</cite> <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_W%C3%BCrsig" title="Bernd Würsig">Würsig, Bernd</a></cite><cite>; Thewissen, J. G. M.</cite> <cite>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</cite> <cite>(Second ed.). </cite><cite>Academic Press. p. 131.</cite> <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9">978-0-12-373553-9</a>.</cite> [2] Michael Keane, Jeremy Semeiks “Insights into the Evolution of Longevity from the Bowhead Whale Genome” Published: December ~~1998~~24, 2014 in Cell reports <a href="http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/abstract/S2211-1247(14)01019-5">http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/abstract/S2211-1247(14)01019-5</~~cite~~a> [3] Gatesy, J., Geisler, J.H., Chang, J., Buell, C., Berta, A., Meredith, R.W., Springer, M.S., and McGowen, M.R. (2013). A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 66, 479–506. [4] Tacutu, R., Craig, T., Budovsky, A., Wuttke, D., Lehmann, G., Taranukha, D., Costa, J., Fraifeld, V.E., and de Magalha&tilde; es, J.P. (2013). Human Ageing Genomic Resources: integrated databases and tools for the biology and genetics of ageing. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D1027–D1033. <emspan style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">[5] Gilkes, Daniele M., Gregg L. Semenza, and Denis Wirtz. "Hypoxia and the extracellular matrix: drivers of tumour metastasis." Nature Reviews Cancer 14.6 (2014): 430-439.</emp> ~~So You Want to be an Anti~~[6] Daniel Weber “Cell hypoxia: ~~Varieties~~ The Prime cause of ~~Opposition to Darwinism~~Cancer on Cell level&~~quot~~rdquo;posted to complementary oncology website in November 2, 2011.

<~~span style~~a href="~~font~~http://complementaryoncology.com/reports/others/cell-hypoxia-the-prime-cause-of-cancer-on-cell-~~size:12px~~level/">~~Dubochet, Jacques, “Why is it so difficult to accept Darwin's theory~~ http://complementaryoncology.com/reports/others/cell-hypoxia-the-prime-cause-of ~~evolution?”  BioEssays, 2011, Vol.33(4), pp.240~~-~~242~~cancer-on-cell-level/</a>

<h2>[7] <~~span style~~a href="~~font~~http://www.jle.com/fr/recherche/recherche.phtml?dans=auteur&texte=Christiane+Brahimi-~~size:12px~~Horn">Christiane Brahimi-Horn</a>, <a href="http://~~literature~~www.~~org~~jle.com/~~authors~~fr/~~darwin-charles~~recherche/recherche.phtml?dans=auteur&texte=Jacques+Pouyss%C3%A9gur+">Jacques Pouysségur</a> “The role of thehypoxia-~~origin~~inducible factor in tumor metabolism growth and invasion”. Published in 2006 on <a href="https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiy1Ljl4dTQAhVLTbwKHXasC0oQjhwIBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jle.com%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fbdc%2Fe-ofdocs%2Fthe_role_of_the_hypoxia_inducible_factor_in_tumor_metabolism_growth_and_invasion_269705%2Farticle.phtml%3Ftab%3Dimages&bvm=bv.139782543,d.dGc&psig=AFQjCNHOAtqOfUdlhbjU4ER9GFPRkQmsag&ust=1480742493553300" target="_blank">John Libbey Eurotext</a> websit <a href="http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/bdc/e-~~species~~docs/the_role_of_the_hypoxia_inducible_factor_in_tumor_metabolism_growth_and_invasion_269705/~~chapter-04~~article.~~html~~phtml">http://~~literature~~www.jle.~~org~~com/fr/revues/~~authors~~bdc/~~darwin~~e-~~charles~~docs/~~the-origin-of-species~~the_role_of_the_hypoxia_inducible_factor_in_tumor_metabolism_growth_and_invasion_269705/~~chapter-04~~article.~~html~~phtml</a></ph2>

~~<~~a ~~href="http~~key regulatory factor in tumor growth”, National Review in Cancer 2002 January; 2(1):~~//www~~p.~~evolutionnews~~38-47.~~org/2012/05/what_are_the_to059781.html">http://www.evolutionnews.org/2012/05/what_are_the_to059781.html</a>~~~~ ~~</ph2>

<h2>[9] Sequence details CXCL17 bmy_22314 (Coding sequence)</h2> <h2><a href="http://www.bowhead-whale.org/annotations/details/bmy_22314/">http://www.bowhead-whale.org/annotations/details/bmy_22314/</a></h2> <h2>VEGF co-regulated chemokine 1 precursor (Human) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_940879">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_940879</a></h2> <h2>Homo sapiens C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 17 (CXCL17) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_198477">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_198477</a></h2> <h2>[10] Blast results:  <a href="https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi">https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</a></h2> <h2>[11] Shih T, Lindley C. Bevacizumab: an angiogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of solid malignancies. Clinical Therapeutics 2006; 28(11):1779–1802. </h2> <h2>[12] Gotink KJ, Verheul HM. Anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors: what is their mechanism of action? Angiogenesis 2010</h2> <h2>[13] By Melissa Hogenboom “The animal that does not get cancer” on BBC website, posted 31 October 2015 <a href="http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20151031-the-animal-that-doesnt-get-cancer">http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20151031-the-animal-that-doesnt-get-cancer</a></h2> <h2> </h2></div>

Anonymous user

imported>S

Changes

Research paper

Navigation menu

Views

Personal tools

Search

Navigation

Advertisements

Tools

Related Links[Edit]