Difference between revisions of "Transcriptomics"

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<h1><span style="font-size: medium;">Definition</span></h1>
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<p>1. What is transcriptomics?</p>
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<p><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">The&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transcriptome</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is the set of all RNA molecules, including&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">mRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">rRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">tRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, and other&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">non-coding RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transcribed</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;in one cell or a population of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">cells</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">.&nbsp;</span></p>
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<h1><span style="font-size: medium;">classification of RNA molecule</span></h1>
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<ul>
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<h2><font size="3"><span style="font-size: medium;">mRNA</span></font></h2>
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<li>study of transcriptome--&gt; the complete set of RNA transcripts produced by DNA&nbsp;</li>
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<p><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Messenger RNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">mRNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) is a large family of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;molecules that convey&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information" title="Genetic information" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">genetic information</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;from&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">DNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;to the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ribosome</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, where they specify the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">amino acid</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">sequence of the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">protein</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;products of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">gene expression</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">. Following&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transcription</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript" title="Primary transcript" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">primary transcript</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;mRNA (known as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA" title="Precursor mRNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">pre-mRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) by&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA polymerase</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, processed, mature mRNA is&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" title="Translation (genetics)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">translated</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;into a polymer of amino acids</span></p>
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<li>The&nbsp;transcriptome&nbsp;is the set of all messenger RNA (mRNA)&nbsp;molecules in one cell or a population of cells.&nbsp;It differs from the exome&nbsp;in that it includes only those RNA molecules found in a specified cell population, and usually includes the amount or concentration of each RNA molecule in addition to the molecular identities.</li>
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<h3><span style="font-size: medium;">UTR</span></h3>
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</ul>
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<p><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">In&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">molecular genetics</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, an&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">untranslated region</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(or&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">UTR</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_sequence" title="Coding sequence" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">coding sequence</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;on a strand of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA" title="MRNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">mRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region" title="Five prime untranslated region" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">5' UTR</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(or&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">leader sequence</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_prime_untranslated_region" title="Three prime untranslated region" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">3' UTR</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(or&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">trailer sequence</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">).</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: medium;">poly A</span></h3>
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<p>&nbsp; - measuring : micro array and RNA-seq are used for measure about transcriptome in organisms.</p>
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<p><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Polyadenylation</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is the addition of a&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">poly(A) tail</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;to a&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger" title="Messenger" class="mw-disambig" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">messenger</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.</span></p>
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<h2><span style="font-size: medium;">ncRNA</span></h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<p><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">A&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">non-coding RNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ncRNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) is a functional&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;molecule that is not&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" title="Translation (genetics)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">translated</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;into a&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">protein</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transfer RNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(tRNAs) and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ribosomal RNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">microRNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA" title="SiRNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">siRNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNA" title="SnRNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">snRNAs</a>.</p>
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<h2><span style="font-size: medium;">measurment of RNA expression</span></h2>
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<p>2. Relationship between genomics and transcriptomics</p>
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<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-seq" title="RNA-seq" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA-seq</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, though the older technique of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">DNA microarrays</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is still used.</span></p>
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<h2><span style="font-size: medium;">Relationship between genomics and transcriptomics</span></h2>
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<ul>
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<h2><span style="font-size: medium;">Relationship between Transcriptome and Proteome</span></h2>
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<li>comparison of transcriptomes allow the identification of what kinds of genes are used in certain cell</li>
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<h1>&nbsp;</h1>
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</ul>
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<h1>&nbsp;</h1>
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 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>3. What are mRNAs?&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>large family of RNA that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome</li>
 +
<li>related to transcription in which RNA polymerase makes mRNA transcripts from template DNA</li>
 +
<li>processing&nbsp;</li>
 +
<li>
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>5&#39; cap addition : critical for recognition by the ribosome &nbsp;/ protection from RNases</li>
 +
<li>Editing : change nucleotide composition of the mRNA</li>
 +
<li>polyadenylation : protecting mRNA from degrading by exonucleases</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
</li>
 +
<li>structure</li>
 +
<li>
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>coding region : composed of codons, containing genetic information<br />
 +
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;coding region begin with start codon and end with stop codon</li>
 +
<li>untranslated region ( 5&#39; UTR / 3&#39; UTR&nbsp;)</li>
 +
<li>
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>location : before the start codon &nbsp;/ after the stop codon</li>
 +
<li>feature : locus which are not translated</li>
 +
<li>advantage : mRNA stability, mRNA localization , translational efficiency</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
</li>
 +
<li>poly(A) tail&nbsp;</li>
 +
<li>
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>composition : lone repetitive sequences of adenine nucleotides</li>
 +
<li>function : promote export from the nucleus / stimulate translation / protect the mRNA from degradation (by exonucleases)</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<img src="file:///C:/Users/john/AppData/Local/Temp/enhtmlclip/search.jpg" /></p>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>4. How to measure RNA expression?</p>
 +
 
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>high-throughput methods &gt;&gt; microarray</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>5. Relationship between Transcriptome and Proteome.</p>
 +
 
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>transcriptome is related to the mRNA transcript while Proteome is related to protein product. Because mRNA is intermediate of protein production, there relative amount of expression can indicate the expression degrees of others.</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>6. What is a UTR?</p>
 +
 
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>untranslated region ( 5&#39; UTR / 3&#39; UTR&nbsp;)</li>
 +
<li>
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>location : before the start codon &nbsp;/ after the stop codon</li>
 +
<li>feature : locus which are not translated</li>
 +
<li>advantage : mRNA stability, mRNA localization , translational efficiency</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>7. What is ncRNA&nbsp;?</p>
 +
 
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>non-coding RNA : RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein</li>
 +
<li>function</li>
 +
<li>
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>gene-regulation</li>
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<li>
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>trans-acting ncRNAs : microRNAs</li>
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<li>cis-acting ncRNAs : riboswitch (5&#39;-UTR)</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
 +
</ul>
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 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>8. What is poly A&nbsp;?</p>
 +
 
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>composition : lone repetitive sequences of adenine nucleotides</li>
 +
<li>function : promote export from the nucleus / stimulate translation / protect the mRNA from degradation (by exonucleases)</li>
 +
</ul>

Latest revision as of 20:27, 1 December 2016

1. What is transcriptomics?

  • study of transcriptome--> the complete set of RNA transcripts produced by DNA 
  • The transcriptome is the set of all messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules in one cell or a population of cells. It differs from the exome in that it includes only those RNA molecules found in a specified cell population, and usually includes the amount or concentration of each RNA molecule in addition to the molecular identities.

  - measuring : micro array and RNA-seq are used for measure about transcriptome in organisms.

 

2. Relationship between genomics and transcriptomics

  • comparison of transcriptomes allow the identification of what kinds of genes are used in certain cell

 

 

3. What are mRNAs? 

  • large family of RNA that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
  • related to transcription in which RNA polymerase makes mRNA transcripts from template DNA
  • processing 
    • 5' cap addition : critical for recognition by the ribosome  / protection from RNases
    • Editing : change nucleotide composition of the mRNA
    • polyadenylation : protecting mRNA from degrading by exonucleases
  • structure
    • coding region : composed of codons, containing genetic information
                             coding region begin with start codon and end with stop codon
    • untranslated region ( 5' UTR / 3' UTR )
      • location : before the start codon  / after the stop codon
      • feature : locus which are not translated
      • advantage : mRNA stability, mRNA localization , translational efficiency
    • poly(A) tail 
      • composition : lone repetitive sequences of adenine nucleotides
      • function : promote export from the nucleus / stimulate translation / protect the mRNA from degradation (by exonucleases)

     

 

 

4. How to measure RNA expression?

  • high-throughput methods >> microarray

 

 

5. Relationship between Transcriptome and Proteome.

  • transcriptome is related to the mRNA transcript while Proteome is related to protein product. Because mRNA is intermediate of protein production, there relative amount of expression can indicate the expression degrees of others.

 

 

6. What is a UTR?

  • untranslated region ( 5' UTR / 3' UTR )
    • location : before the start codon  / after the stop codon
    • feature : locus which are not translated
    • advantage : mRNA stability, mRNA localization , translational efficiency

 

 

7. What is ncRNA ?

  • non-coding RNA : RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein
  • function
    • gene-regulation
      • trans-acting ncRNAs : microRNAs
      • cis-acting ncRNAs : riboswitch (5'-UTR)

 

 

8. What is poly A ?

  • composition : lone repetitive sequences of adenine nucleotides
  • function : promote export from the nucleus / stimulate translation / protect the mRNA from degradation (by exonucleases)
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