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<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:36px"><Index of Chapter 4></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Introduction </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Unity and diversity of life</strong></span></p>
<p> Taxonomy based on sequences</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Sizes and organization of genomes</strong></span></p>
<p> Genome sizes</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Viral genomes</strong></span></p>
<p> Recombinant viruses</p> <p>Influenza : a past and current threat</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Genome Organization in prokaryotes</strong></span></p>
<p> Replication and transcription</p> <p>Gene transfer</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Genome Organization in eukaryotes</strong></span></p>
<p> Photosynthetic sea slugs : endosymbiosys of chloroplasts</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>How genomes differ</strong></span></p>
<p> Variation at the level of individual nucleotides</p> <p>Duplications</p> <p>Comparisions at the chromosome level : synteny</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>What makes us human?</strong></span></p>
<p> Comparative genomics</p> <p>Combining the approaches : the <em>FOXP2</em> gene</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Genomes of chimpanzees and humans</strong></span></p>
<p> <span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Genomes of mice and rats</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Genomes Model organisms for study of mice and ratshuman diseases</strong></span></p>
<p> The genome of Caenorhabditis elegans</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Model organisms for study The genome of human diseases</strong></span>Drosophilia melanogaster</p>
<p> Homologous genes in humans, worms, and flies</p>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>The ENCODE project</strong></span></p>
<p> The modENCODE project</p>
<p> </p>