<p><span style="font-size: x-large"><strong>What is genomics?</strong></span><font size="3"><strong><br /><br />1) Define Genomics</strong> is the [[omics]] your own way after doing research on what genomes are and how we study of [[gene]]s of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /></font></p><p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /></font></p><p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. </font></p><p><font size="3">Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font></p><p><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">&nbsp; </font></span></p><div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="font-size: 32pt"><font color="#339966" size="5">&quot;[[Genome sequencing is not Genomics]]&quot;</font></span></div>

 <p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></pul> <pli><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene It is about sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),of DNA&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font><mRNA /p><p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers proteome and his team at analyzing the Laboratory function and structure of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent genome (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based especially whole genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p><p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms cell or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup> <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></pli> <p><font size="3">&nbsp;</fontli></p><p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p><p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial difference from genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the : genetic study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing detail of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part function or composition of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences single gene whereas genomics cover all genes and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genometheir relationship.<sup id="_ref-McGrath_0" class="reference">[9]</supli></font></pul> 

 <p>2) What is the origin of genomics?</p> <ul> <font sizeli>genomics ="4"gene + omics</li> <li> <ul> <li>gene = &nbsp;locus of DNA containing genetic information which is mostly related to phenotype</li> <li>omics = field of study in biology class &gt;&gt; proteomics ,metabolomics ,lipidomics , transcriptomics...</li> </ul> </li>[[Genome sequencing and genomics]]</fontul> <p>3) History of genomics?</p> <ul> <pli>1952 : helical structure of DNA (Rosaline Franklin)<span style="font-size/li> <li>1953 : large"structure of DNA ( James D, Watson , Francis Crick )</li> <li>1955 : Amino acid sequence of insulin (Fred Sanger)<strong/li> <span class="mw-headline"li>See also1964 : first nucleic acid sequence &gt;&gt; ribonucleotide sequence of alanine tRNA (Robert W.Holley)</spanli> <li>1972 : gene sequence for Bacteriophage MS2 ( Walter Fiers)&nbsp;</strongli></spanul> <p>4) The future of genomics?</p> 

<li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font>genomics</li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font> </li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font> </liul> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font>definition : sequencing individual genomes</li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional why needed? every personal genome sequencing are different, so there may be some side effect from public drug or chemicals If certain person has specific gene sensitive to the drugs. personal genomics]] </font>is able to carry genome sequencing from each person and by doing this, we can reach ideal drugs optimum to each person.</li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational genomics]] <application (effect) : physiology /font><drugs /li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]<personal information of genetic disease /font>genetic variants</li> <li><font size="3">[[Pathogenomics]] </fontul> </li>

 <phr /><span style="font-size: large"p><strong><span class="mw-headline">References&nbsp;</spanp> </strong></spanp>Types of genomics</p> <ol class="references"ul> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="httpCognitive genomics ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^changes in cognitive processes</ali> </strongli> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of Comparative genomics : study the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </font>relationship between structure and function</li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="httpFunctional genomics ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence study of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary function and secondary structure interaction of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font>certain genomes</li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="httpMetagenomics ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger Fenvironmental genomics, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence study of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Naturegenetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </font></li> <li id="_note-3"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="httpPersonal genomics ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font>personalized genomics targeted for individual genome sequencing</li> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="httpEpigenomics ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^set of epigenetic modification</ali></strongul>  <a title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"p><em>Genome Project Statistic&nbsp;</emp>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007 </ap>effect</fontp> </liul> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_refgene-5">^</a></strong> <a title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font>based understanding of complex biomolecules&nbsp;</li> <li id="_note-6">study of intragenomic phenomena or their mutation<font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6"li>^</aul> </strongp> &nbsp;<a title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml"p>CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003 </ap>DNA-sequencing</fontp> </liul> <li id="_note-7"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://enwww.wikipediamun.orgca/biology/wikiscarr/Genomics#_ref-74241_StepstowardsDNASequencing.html">^</aem>Plus and minus technique</strongem> <a title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font></li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a title="httphttps://www.horizonpressyoutube.com/phage" class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" class="external text" relwatch?v="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phageiTBTHmhNNbE">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1Sanger method</a> .</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span></font></li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a title="httphttps://www.horizonpressyoutube.com/cyan" class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" class="external text" rel="nofollow" hrefwatch?v="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyantiG-rxkhlqg">ISBN 978-1Maxam-904455-15-8Gilbert method</a> .</cite></font><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan" class="Z3988"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li></ol><p><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan" class="Z3988"><font size="5"><br />Web links</font><br />[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics Wikipedia Genomics link]<br />[http://omics.org Omics.org]<br />[http://totalomics.com Totalomics.com]<br /></span></p><p>[http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Genomics.aspx What is Genomics? from News-Medical.net]</pul>