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<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Evolution is exploration</strong></span></p>
<p>Industrial melanism and its reversal. (Moth example)</p>
<p>The two elements of exploration - variation from the current state of the system and change to a new one - occur at many levels from individual genomes to proteins to cells to ecosystems</p>
<p>A long-standing challenge of biology is to understand the relationships among these different levels of evolution.</p>
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<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Biological systematics</strong></span></p>
<p>Study of the vast variety of living organisms requires that we organize what we observe and measure. </p>
<p>We have to agree on what we call things. Biological taxonomy encompaseses identifying new life forms, deciding where they fit in, and assigning them a name</p>
<p>Biological nomenclature</p>
<p>Measurement of biological similarities and differences </p>
<p>-In order ti develop a clear picture of the relationships between species, it's necessary to pick a molecule that is changing at a reasonable rate. There must e enough change such that the signal does not sink below the noise level, but not too much change as to obscure common features. </p>
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<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Homogoues and families</strong></span></p>
<p>Products of evolution retain similarities. The similarities appear at many levels- related people, recently diverged species, tissues within an organism containing related cell types but varying protein expression patterns, amino acid sequences and structures of proteins and DNA sequences. </p>
<p>To trace the course of evolution, we must quantitatively measure such similarities. There are many possible objects of such analysis. </p>
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<p><span style="color:#0000CD"><strong>Pattern matching - the basic tool of bioinformatics</strong></span></p>