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== 2024.03.29 ==
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== 2024.04.05 ==
=== DNA ===
Within eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome chromosomes]. Before typical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division cell division], these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote Eukaryotic organisms] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal animals], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant plants], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus fungi] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist protists]) store most of their DNA inside the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus cell nucleus] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA nuclear DNA], and some in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion mitochondria] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA mitochondrial DNA] or in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast chloroplasts] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA chloroplast DNA].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-5 <sup>[5</sup>]] In contrast, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote prokaryotes] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria bacteria] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea archaea]) store their DNA only in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm cytoplasm], in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_chromosome circular chromosomes]. Within eukaryotic chromosomes, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin chromatin] proteins, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone histones], compact and organize DNA. These compacting structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.<br/> <br/> full text link : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA]
=== RNA ===
It has become widely accepted in science[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA#cite_note-1 <sup>[1</sup>]] that early in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_life_on_Earth history of life on Earth], prior to the evolution of DNA and possibly of protein-based [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme enzymes] as well, an "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world RNA world]" existed in which RNA served as both living organisms' storage method for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information genetic information]—a role fulfilled today by DNA, except in the case of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_virus RNA viruses]—and potentially performed catalytic functions in cells—a function performed today by protein enzymes, with the notable and important exception of the ribosome, which is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozyme ribozyme].<br/> <br/> Full text link : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA]
=== eQTL ===
Mapping eQTLs is done using standard [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QTL QTL] mapping methods that test the linkage between variation in expression and genetic polymorphisms. The only considerable difference is that eQTL studies can involve a million or more expression microtraits. Standard gene mapping software packages can be used, although it is often faster to use custom code such as QTL Reaper or the web-based eQTL mapping system [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeneNetwork GeneNetwork]. GeneNetwork hosts many large eQTL mapping data sets and provide access to fast algorithms to map single loci and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis epistatic] interactions. As is true in all QTL mapping studies, the final steps in defining DNA variants that cause variation in traits are usually difficult and require a second round of experimentation. This is especially the case for trans eQTLs that do not benefit from the strong prior probability that relevant variants are in the immediate vicinity of the parent gene. Statistical, graphical, and bioinformatic methods are used to evaluate positional candidate genes and entire systems of interactions.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci#cite_note-Kulp_2006-18 <sup>[18</sup>]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci#cite_note-Lee_2009-19 <sup>[19</sup>]] The development of single cell technologies, and parallel advances in statistical methods has made it possible to define even subtle changes in eQTLs as cell-states change.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci#cite_note-20 <sup>[20</sup>]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci#cite_note-21 <sup>[21</sup>]]
Full text link : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_quantitative_trait_loci]<br/> == 2024.04.12 == === Proteomics === '''Proteomics''' is the large-scale study of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein proteins].<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9740045_1-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics#cite_note-pmid9740045-1 [1]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10189717_2-0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics#cite_note-pmid10189717-2 [2]]</sup> Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, with many functions such as the formation of structural fibers of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tissue muscle tissue], enzymatic digestion of food, or synthesis and replication of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA DNA]. In addition, other kinds of proteins include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodies antibodies] that protect an organism from infection, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormones hormones] that send important signals throughout the body. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteome proteome] is the entire set of proteins produced or modified by an organism or system. Proteomics enables the identification of ever-increasing numbers of proteins. This varies with time and distinct requirements, or stresses, that a cell or organism undergoes.<sup id="cite_ref-3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics#cite_note-3 [3]]</sup> Proteomics is an interdisciplinary domain that has benefited greatly from the genetic information of various genome projects, including the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project Human Genome Project].<sup id="cite_ref-4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics#cite_note-4 [4]]</sup> It covers the exploration of proteomes from the overall level of protein composition, structure, and activity, and is an important component of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics functional genomics]. ''Proteomics'' generally denotes the large-scale experimental analysis of proteins and proteomes, but often refers specifically to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_purification protein purification] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry mass spectrometry]. Indeed, mass spectrometry is the most powerful method for analysis of proteomes, both in large samples composed of millions of cells<sup id="cite_ref-5">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics#cite_note-5 [5]]</sup> and in single cells.<sup id="cite_ref-6">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics#cite_note-6 [6]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics#cite_note-7 [7]]</sup> <br/> <br/> Full text link : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics] === Omics === The branches of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science science] known informally as '''omics''' are various disciplines in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology biology] whose names end in the suffix ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-omics -omics]'', such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics genomics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics proteomics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolomics metabolomics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics metagenomics], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomics phenomics] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptomics transcriptomics]. Omics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-1">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omics#cite_note-1 [1]]</sup> The related suffix '''-ome''' is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome genome], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteome proteome] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolome metabolome] respectively. The suffix ''-ome'' as used in molecular biology refers to a ''totality'' of some sort; it is an example of a "neo-suffix" formed by abstraction from various Greek terms in -ωμα, a sequence that does not form an identifiable suffix in Greek. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics Functional genomics] aims at identifying the functions of as many genes as possible of a given organism. It combines different -omics techniques such as transcriptomics and proteomics with saturated mutant collections.<sup id="cite_ref-2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omics#cite_note-2 [2]]</sup><br/> <br/> Full text link : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omics]<br/> <br/> === -ology === An '''ology''' or '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-logy -''logy'']''' is a scientific discipline.<br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> [https://biolecture.org/Main_Page Main Page] » [https://biolecture.org/UNIST_Geromics_course UNIST Geromics course] » [https://biolecture.org/Geromics_Course_Students_Folder_2024 Geromics Course Students Folder 2024] » [https://biolecture.org/HyoungJinChoi_2024_Geromics_Course HyoungJinChoi 2024 Geromics Course] » [https://biolecture.org/Summary_class_Geromics_2024_HyoungJinChoi Summary class Geromics 2024 HyoungJinCho]
