73
edits
Changes
no edit summary
Within eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome chromosomes]. Before typical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division cell division], these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote Eukaryotic organisms] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal animals], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant plants], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus fungi] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist protists]) store most of their DNA inside the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus cell nucleus] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA nuclear DNA], and some in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion mitochondria] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA mitochondrial DNA] or in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast chloroplasts] as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA chloroplast DNA].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#cite_note-5 <sup>[5</sup>]] In contrast, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote prokaryotes] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria bacteria] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea archaea]) store their DNA only in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm cytoplasm], in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_chromosome circular chromosomes]. Within eukaryotic chromosomes, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin chromatin] proteins, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone histones], compact and organize DNA. These compacting structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.<br/> <br/> full text link : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA]
=== RNA ===
'''Ribonucleic acid''' ('''RNA''') is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer polymeric] molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA non-coding RNA]) or by forming a template for the production of proteins ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA messenger RNA]). RNA and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid deoxyribonucleic acid] (DNA) are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid nucleic acids]. The nucleic acids constitute one of the four major [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule macromolecules] essential for all known forms of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life life]. RNA is assembled as a chain of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide nucleotides]. Cellular organisms use [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA messenger RNA] ('''''mRNA''''') to convey genetic information (using the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobase nitrogenous bases] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine guanine], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil uracil], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine adenine], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine cytosine], denoted by the letters G, U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus viruses] encode their genetic information using an RNA [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome genome]. Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression gene expression], or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signals. One of these active processes is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis protein synthesis], a universal function in which RNA molecules direct the synthesis of proteins on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome ribosomes]. This process uses [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA transfer RNA] ('''''tRNA''''') molecules to deliver [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid amino acids] to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome ribosome], where [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA ribosomal RNA] ('''''rRNA''''') then links amino acids together to form coded proteins. It has become widely accepted in science[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA#cite_note-1 <sup>[1</sup>]] that early in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_life_on_Earth history of life on Earth], prior to the evolution of DNA and possibly of protein-based [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme enzymes] as well, an "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world RNA world]" existed in which RNA served as both living organisms' storage method for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information genetic information]—a role fulfilled today by DNA, except in the case of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_virus RNA viruses]—and potentially performed catalytic functions in cells—a function performed today by protein enzymes, with the notable and important exception of the ribosome, which is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozyme ribozyme].<br/> <br/> Full text link : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA]
=== eQTL ===
<br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> [https://biolecture.org/Main_Page Main Page] » [https://biolecture.org/UNIST_Geromics_course UNIST Geromics course] » [https://biolecture.org/Geromics_Course_Students_Folder_2024 Geromics Course Students Folder 2024] » [https://biolecture.org/HyoungJinChoi_2024_Geromics_Course HyoungJinChoi 2024 Geromics Course] » [https://biolecture.org/Summary_class_Geromics_2024_HyoungJinChoi Summary class Geromics 2024 HyoungJinCho]