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<p>S1.4 Genomics Essay #45 – Human Genome Project</p>
<p><a href="http://biolectureand Ulsan Genome Project by Prof.org/indexJong Bhak.php/Essay_!4_-_About_Sequencing_Code_:_KSI0004"><u>http://biolecture.org/index.php/Essay_!4_-_About_Sequencing_Code_:_KSI0004</u></a></p> <p> </p> <p>Essay 4 – About Sequencing</p>
<p>Sangin Kim</p>
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<p>In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure of The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an unbranched biopolymer. Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a sequence which succinctly summarizes much of international scientific research project with the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule.</p> <p> </p> <p>DNA sequencing is the process goal of determining the nucleotide order of a given DNA fragment. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. However, new sequencing technologies such as pyrosequencing are gaining an increasing share and of the sequencing market. More genome data are now being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing. Pyrosequencing has enabled rapid genome sequencing. Bacterial genomes can be sequenced in a single run with several times coverage with this technique.</p> <p>The sequence identifying and mapping all of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because genes of the key importance DNA has to living things, knowledge of DNA sequences are useful in practically any area of biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose, human genome from both a physical and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.</p> <p> </p> <p>1functional standpoint.1 sanger sequencing</p>
<p>In chain terminator sequencing (Sanger sequencing), extension The process of identifying the boundaries between genes and other features in a raw DNA sequence is called genome annotation and is initiated at a specific site on in the template DNA domain of bioinformatics. The genome published by using a short oligonucleotide the HGP does not represent the sequence of every individual'primer' complementary to s genome. It is the template at that regioncombined mosaic of a small number of anonymous donors, all of European origin. The oligonucleotide primer HGP genome is extended using a DNA polymeraase an enzyme that replicates DNAscaffold for future work in identifying differences among individuals. Included with Subsequent projects sequenced the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases genomes of multiple distinct ethnic groups, though as of today there is still only one "reference genome." The human genome has significantly more segmental duplications (DNA building blocks)nearly identical, along with a low concentration repeated sections of a chain terminating nucleotide (most commonly a di-deoxynucleotideDNA)than had been previously suspected. Limited incorporation of At the chain terminating nucleotide by time when the DNA polymerase results in a series draft sequence was published fewer than 7% of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular nucleotide is used. The fragments are then size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel, or more commonly now, in a narrow glass tube (capillary) filled with a viscous polymerprotein families appeared to be vertebrate specific.</p>
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<p> These techniques include:</p>
<p>1.2 PyrosequencingDNA Sequencing</p>
<p>Pyrosequencing which was developed by Pål Nyrén and Mostafa Ronaghi, has been commercialized by Biotage (for low-throughput sequencing) and 454 Life Sciences (for high-throughput sequencing). The latter platform sequences roughly 100 megabases [now up to 400 megabases] in a sevenEmployment of Restriction Fragment-hour run with a single machine. In the array-based method Length Polymorphisms (commercialized by 454 Life SciencesRFLP), single-stranded DNA is annealed to beads and amplified via EmPCR. These DNA-bound beads are then placed into wells on a fiber-optic chip along with enzymes which produce light in the presence of ATP. When free nucleotides are washed over this chip, light is produced as ATP is generated when nucleotides join with their complementary base pairs. Addition of one (or more) nucleotide(s) results in a reaction that generates a light signal that is recorded by the CCD camera in the instrument. The signal strength is proportional to the number of nucleotides, for example, homopolymer stretches, incorporated in a single nucleotide flow.</p>
<p> Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC)</p>
<p>1.3 Large scale sequencingBacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC)</p>
<p>Whereas the methods above describe various sequencing methods, separate related terms are used when a large portion of a genome is sequenced. Several platforms were developed to perform exome sequencing The Polymerase Chain Reaction (a subset of all DNA across all chromosomes that encode genesPCR) or whole genome sequencing (sequencing of the all nuclear DNA of a human).</p>
<p> Electrophoresis</p>
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<p>•Invented by Nobel Prize winner Fred SangerGenome Korea in Ulsan Launched</p>
<p>•Dideoxy analogs of dNTPs used - The largest scale Personal Genome Project in conjunction with dNTPsKorea to sequence 10,000 people and patients -</p>
<p>•Analog prevents further extension of DNA chainULSAN, KOREA - Nov 25, 2015 -</p>
<p>•Bases are labeled with radioactivityThe Ulsan 10,000 Genome Project, entitled the Genome Korea in Ulsan has been launched in Ulsan Metropolitan City on the 25th of Nov. 2015. The consortium includes the Ulsan Metropolitan City, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan University Hospital, and the University of Ulsan.</p>
<p>•Gel electrophoresis This is then performed on productsa large-scale publicly-funded genome project in Korea, with the estimated funding of ~25 million USD by 2019(not fully acquired yet). The goal is to map complete genomic diversity of Koreans, constructing standardized gene variation database, detecting rare genetic mutations, and providing well-annotated full genome information for growing genomic industry of Korea. The consortium will seek necessary funding from public and private sectors to achieve its goal of sequencing all the Koreans in the next decades. The initial 10,000 samples will be collected from both healthy people and immunocompromised people.</p>
<p>•LargeThe projects practical aim is to develop an industrial foundation in genomics for future biomedical industry. Ulsan, known as the capital of Korean industrialization, has a well established industrial infrastructure. The consortium will facilitate developing new sequencing and analysis technologies to achieve personalized medicine in Korea. This project is complementary to Korean governments on-scale sequencing going Multi-ministry Genomics Initiative which has started in 2013 with a total sum of 500 million USD for 8 years to carry out human, agricultural, and medical genomics projects have led to automated DNA sequencing systems.</p>
<p>•Based on Sanger methodGenome Korea is in collaboration with Harvard Medical Schools Personal Genome Project (PGP), led by Professor George Church who developed key genome sequencing and editing technologies for decades. UNIST and Harvard Medical School will sign an MOU for the Ulsan 10,000 genome project.</p>
<p>•Radioactivity replaced Genome Korea is a participatory project where volunteers donate blood samples and personal and clinical information. Korean PGP project, led by fluorescent dyeProf. Jong Bhak at UNIST have already published over 50 high quality individual genomes with the Korean reference genome assembly, funded by Korean government. Ulsans 10,000 genome is the first large scale public project that will expand to the whole Korean population which is similar to 100,000 UK genome and US president Obamas 1 million genome project.</p>
<p>•Virtually all Ulsan mayor, Mr. Ki-hyun Kim, emphasized the significance of Genome Korea in Ulsan project by addressing We aim to make Ulsan as the hub of genomic sequencing projects use shotgun sequencingindustry in Asia and beyond by linking it to diagnostic and therapeutic medical industry as a key Korean economic industrialization driving force.</p>
<p>•Entire UNIST president, Prof. Mooyoung Jung has an ambitious plan to make this Ulsan 10,000 genome is clonedproject, by raising the technology level to the world top level innovative research by analyzing 10, and resultant clones are sequenced000 people genomes at UNIST.</p>
<p>Korea&bull#39;Much s aging population is growing at a rapid pace. We, therefore, need genome industry to lower the medical cost and prevent national scale infectious disease endemic analyzing genomes and associated omics information. This must be accompanied by the commercialization of the technologies and Genome project can function as the seed of future biomedical revolution in business and society, says Prof. Jong Bhak, the sequencing is redundantlead researcher of this project.</p>
<p>•Generally 7Ulsan is the most industrialized city in Korea which hosts global business cooperations such as Hyundai, SK, and Samsung. Ulsans main industry has been mostly heavy industrials such as car manufacturing, ship building, and oil refining. Currently, Ulsan plans to develop new high- tech industries such as biomedical devices, reagents, new materials, energy storage, and information technologies. Ulsan 10K genome is a part of such an effort to 10recruit skilled labor and highly value-fold coverageadded business entities.</p>
<p>•Computer algorithms are used to look for replicate sequences UNIST is a new science and assemble themtechnology university in Korea established by the government in 2009.</p>
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<p>NGS(Next generation sequencing)</p> <p>•Second-generation DNA sequencingReferences</p>
<p>•Generates data 100x faster than Sanger method1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project</p>
<p>Reference3.http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2015/11/25/0200000000AKR20151125116000057.HTML</p>
<p>14. https://www.youtubegenome.comgov/12011238/an-overview-of-the-human-genome-project/watch?v=jFCD8Q6qSTM</p>
<p>25. Brook biology of microorganisms 14th editionhttp://www.bio-itworld.com/Press-Release/Genome-Korea-in-Ulsan-Launched/</p>
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