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<h2p style="text-align: center;"><strong>About Omics</strong></p>What <p><strong>1. Abstract</strong></p> <p>Omics is Model organism? A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomenastudy which research body, with the expectation that discoveries made so it include many various fields. So in the organism model will provide insight into the workings this essay, there are 12 kinds of other organismsfields. However there are much more fields in detail.Let rsquo;s see what kinds of fields are in omics and why they divided.</h2p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>2. Intro</strong></p>
<p>The suffix ‘-ome’ means 'body', which means all of a collection of molecules or cells in modern life science. In omics, bioinformatics techniques are used to break away from existing fragmentary research and attempt a comprehensive and holistic paradigm to collectively study large amounts of biological information and their interrelationships.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2p><strong>3. Result</strong> </h2p>
<h2p> lt;Fields of Omics></h2p>
<h2ol> <li>Genomics</li></h2ol>
<h2p style="margin-left:40.0pt">VirusesField of study of genes. Also Field of bioinformatics such as proteomics, transcription physiology, interactive biology.</h2p>
<ulol> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_phage" title="Lambda phage">Phage lambda</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_X_174" title="Phi X 174">Phi X 174</a> - its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> was the first ever to be sequenced. The genome is a circle of 11 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, 5386 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> in length.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV40" title="SV40">SV40</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T4_phage" title="T4 phage">T4 phage</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">Tobacco mosaic virus</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">Herpes simplex virus</a>Transcriptomics</li></ulol>
<h2>Prokaryotes[<a hrefp style="httpsmargin-left://en.wikipedia40.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_model_organisms&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prokaryotes0pt">edit</a>]Field of study the totality of expressed RNAs.</h2p>
<pstyle="margin-left:40.0pt"> With the sum of expressed proteins, expressome is formed. The research that combines these two is called Expressomics.</p> <ol> <li>Proteomics</li></ol> <p style="margin-left:40.0pt">Field of study all proteins in cells or in individuals.</p>
<p>Sporulating <em><a hrefstyle="httpsmargin-left://en.wikipedia40.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis0pt">Bacillus subtilis</Ultimately, the basic unit of human bioactivity is protein. There are many varieties of proteins with many variations, and every possible protein set for a functional unit is called a></em>proteome.</p>
<ulol> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></em> (<em>E. coli</em>) - This common, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram-negative</a> gut bacterium is the most widely used organism in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a>.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis">Bacillus subtilis</a></em> - an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">endospore</a> forming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">Gram-positive</a> bacterium</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacter_crescentus" title="Caulobacter crescentus">Caulobacter crescentus</a></em> - a bacterium that divides into two distinct cells used to study <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cellular differentiation</a>.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_genitalium" title="Mycoplasma genitalium">Mycoplasma genitalium</a></em> - a minimal organism</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliivibrio_fischeri" title="Aliivibrio fischeri">Aliivibrio fischeri</a></em> - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">quorum sensing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">bioluminescence</a> and animal-bacterial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_bobtail_squid" title="Hawaiian bobtail squid">Hawaiian bobtail squid</a></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechocystis" title="Synechocystis">Synechocystis</a></em>, a photosynthetic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacterium</a> widely used in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> research.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_fluorescens" title="Pseudomonas fluorescens">Pseudomonas fluorescens</a></em>, a soil bacterium that readily diversifies into different strains in the lab.Lipidomics</li></ulol>
<h2>Eukaryotes[<a hrefp style="httpsmargin-left://en.wikipedia40.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_model_organisms&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eukaryotes0pt">edit</a>]Field of study pathway and networks of lipids.</h2p>
<h3ol>Protists[ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_model_organisms&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protists"li>editFoodomics</ali>]</h3ol>
<ul> <li><em><a hrefp style="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii" title="Chlamydomonas reinhardtii">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</a></em> margin- a unicellular <a href="httpsleft://en40.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_alga" title="Green alga0pt">green alga</a> used to Field of study <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagella" title="Flagella">flagella</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motility</a>, regulation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, cell-cell recognition the food and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion" title="Cell adhesion">adhesion</a>, response to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">nutrient deprivation</a> and many other topics. <em>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em> has well-studied genetics, with many known and mapped mutants and expressed sequence tags, and there are advanced methods for genetic transformation and selection of genes.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Sequencing of nutrition domains through the <em>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em> genome was reported in October 2007.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> A <em>Chlamydomonas</em> genetic stock center exists at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, and an international <em>Chlamydomonas</em> research interest group meets on a regular basis to discuss research results. <em>Chlamydomonas</em> is easy to grow on an inexpensive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">defined medium</a>.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyostelium_discoideum" title="Dictyostelium discoideum">Dictyostelium discoideum</a></em> is used in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> (its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> has been sequenced), and is studied as an example of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_communication" title="Cell communication">cell communication</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">programmed cell death</a>application.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahymena_thermophila" title="Tetrahymena thermophila">Tetrahymena thermophila</a></em> - a free living freshwater <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliate</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoan" title="Protozoan">protozoan</a>.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi" title="Emiliania huxleyi">Emiliania huxleyi</a></em> - a unicellular marine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">coccolithophore</a> alga, extensively studied as a model <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> species.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassiosira_pseudonana" title="Thalassiosira pseudonana">Thalassiosira pseudonana</a></em> - a unicellular marine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatom</a> alga, extensively studied as a model marine diatom since its genome was published in 2004</li></ulp>
<h3ol>Fungi[ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_model_organisms&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fungi"li>editInteractomics</ali>]</h3ol>
<ul> <li><em><a hrefp style="httpsmargin-left://en.wikipedia40.org/wiki/Ashbya_gossypii" title="Ashbya gossypii0pt">Ashbya gossypii</a></em>, cotton pathogen, subject Field of study the totality of genetics studies (polarity, cell cycle)</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_nidulans" title="Aspergillus nidulans">Aspergillus nidulans</a></em>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mold</a> subject the interactions of genetics studies</li> <li><em><molecules within a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprinus_cinereus" title="Coprinus cinereus">Coprinus cinereus</a></em>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a> (genetic studies cell and of mushroom development, genetic studies of <a href="https://enprotein interactions.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>)<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-pmid10839819-3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a></em>, opportunistic human pathogen</li></ulp>
<ulol> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurospora_crassa" title="Neurospora crassa">Neurospora crassa</a></em> - orange bread <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mold</a> (genetic studies of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, metabolic regulation, and <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a></em>)<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></em>, baker's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> or budding yeast (used in brewing and baking)</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophyllum_commune" title="Schizophyllum commune">Schizophyllum commune</a></em> - model for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a> formation.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe" title="Schizosaccharomyces pombe">Schizosaccharomyces pombe</a></em>, fission yeast, (cell cycle, cell polarity, RNAi, centromere structure and function, transcription)</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustilago_maydis" title="Ustilago maydis">Ustilago maydis</a></em>, dimorphic yeast and plant pathogen of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (dimorphism, plant pathogen, transcription)Metabolomics</li></ulol>
<h3>Plants[<a hrefp style="httpsmargin-left://en.wikipedia40.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_model_organisms&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plants0pt">edit</a>]Field of study and analyze metabolites and metabolic circuits in the cell in general.</h3p>
<pstyle="margin-left:40.0pt"> Metabolomics is one of the core branches of genomics. It the expression of all metabolites generated by genotypes and their regulatory results in relation to genomes. Metabolism is mainly based on extracting and analyzing everything that can be classified in blood, and its application is mainly studying metabolic diseases.</p>
<pol> <emli>Textomics<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></emli></pol>
<ul> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></em>, currently the most popular model plant. This herbaceous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicot" title="Dicot">dicot</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> family is closely related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard plant</a>. Its small stature and short generation time facilitates rapid genetic studies,<sup><a hrefp style="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-TAIR-6">[6]</a></sup> and many phenotypic and biochemical mutants have been mapped.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-TAIRmargin-6">[6]</a></sup> Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a><a href="httpsleft://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">sequenced</a>.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia40.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-TAIR-60pt">[6]</a></sup> Its genome sequence, along with a wide range Field of information concerning <em>Arabidopsis</em>, is maintained by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arabidopsis_Information_Resource" title="The Arabidopsis Information Resource">TAIR</a> database.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-TAIR-6">[6]</a></sup><br /> <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cytology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a>)</em></li> <li>The genus <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boechera" title="Boechera">Boechera</a></em> combines some of the experimental tractability and genetic tools developed for its close relative <em>Arabidopsis</em> with a largely undisturbed natural history, making it a promising model system for research at the intersection of genetics, genomics, ecology, and evolution. The genus includes species with the rare trait of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid" title="Diploid">diploid</a> level.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><br /> <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_ecology" title="Molecular ecology">Molecular ecology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_genetics" title="Evolutionary genetics">Evolutionary genetics</a>)</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaginella_moellendorffii" title="Selaginella moellendorffii">Selaginella moellendorffii</a></em> is a remnant of an ancient lineage of vascular plants that is key to understanding the evolution of land plants. It has a small genome size (~110Mb) and its sequence was released by the Joint Genome Institute study biological objects in early 2008. <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a>)</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachypodium_distachyon" title="Brachypodium distachyon">Brachypodium distachyon</a></em> is an emerging experimental model grass that has many attributes that make it an excellent model for temperate cereals. <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a>)</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setaria_viridis" title="Setaria viridis">Setaria viridis</a></em> is an emerging model grass for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_photosynthesis" title="C4 photosynthesis">C4 photosynthesis</a> and related bioenergy grasses.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-JiangBarbier2013-9">[9]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_(genus)" title="Lotus (genus)">Lotus japonicus</a></em> a model <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> used to study the symbiosis responsible for <a href="https://en.wikipedialiterature as organic networks.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>. <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a>)</em></li></ulp>
<pol> <li>Pharmacogenomics</li></pol>
<p><em><a hrefstyle="httpsmargin-left://en40.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemna" title="Lemna0pt">Lemna gibba</a></em>Field of study the correlation between drugs and genomes of living organisms using sequencing and bioinformatics pharmacology.</p>
<ulol> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemna" title="Lemna">Lemna gibba</a></em> is a rapidly growing aquatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocot" title="Monocot">monocot</a>, one of the smallest flowering plants. Lemna growth assays are used to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals to plants in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotoxicology" title="Ecotoxicology">ecotoxicology</a>. Because it can be grown in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_culture" title="Pure culture">pure culture</a>, microbial action can be excluded. Lemna is being used as a recombinant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression system</a> for economical production of complex <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutical" title="Biopharmaceutical">biopharmaceuticals</a>. It is also used in education to demonstrate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">population growth curves</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) is a cereal grain. It is a diploid monocot with 10 large chromosome pairs, easily studied with the microscope. Its genetic features, including many known and mapped phenotypic mutants and a large number of progeny per cross (typically 100-200) facilitated the discovery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposon" title="Transposon">transposons</a> ("jumping genes"). Many DNA markers have been mapped and the genome has been sequenced. <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a>)</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_truncatula" title="Medicago truncatula">Medicago truncatula</a></em> is a model legume, closely related to the common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>. Its rather small genome is currently being sequenced. It is used to study the symbiosis responsible for nitrogen fixation. <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a>)</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimulus_guttatus" title="Mimulus guttatus">Mimulus guttatus</a></em> is a model organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes studies. The genus <em>Mimulus</em> contains c. 120 species and is in the family <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a>. Several genetic resources have been designed for the study of this genus and some are free access (<a href="http://www.mimulusevolution.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.mimulusevolution.org</a>)</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana_benthamiana" title="Nicotiana benthamiana">Nicotiana benthamiana</a></em> is often considered a model organism for plant-pathogen studies.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum_cv._BY-2" title="Nicotiana tabacum cv. BY-2">Tobacco BY-2 cells</a></em> is a suspension <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell line</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> (<em>Nicotiana tabacum</em>) that is useful for general plant physiology studies at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> level. The genome of this particular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> will not be sequenced in the near future, but sequencing of its wild <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> <em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> is presently in progress. <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cytology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a>)</em></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> (<em>Oryza sativa</em>) is used as a model for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> biology. It has one of the smallest genomes of any cereal species, and sequencing of its genome is finished.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a>)</em>Chemical genomics</li></ulol>
<pstyle="margin-left:40.0pt"> Field of study the expression and function of a large number of genes using a large variety of chemical substances.</p>
<pol> <emli>Physiomics<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physcomitrella_patens" title="Physcomitrella patens">Physcomitrella patens</a></emli></pol>
<ul> <li><em><a hrefp style="httpsmargin-left://en.wikipedia40.org/wiki/Physcomitrella_patens" title="Physcomitrella patens0pt">Physcomitrella patens</a></em> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> increasingly used for studies on development and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">molecular evolution</a> Field of plants.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-Rensing-12">[12]</a></sup> It is so far the only <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-vascular_plants" title="Non-vascular plants">non-vascular plant</a>(and so the only "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics#Three_definitions_of_clade" title="Cladistics">primitive</a>" plant) with its genome completely sequenced.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-Rensing-12">[12]</a></sup> Moreover, it is currently the only land plant with efficient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_targeting" title="Gene targeting">gene targeting</a> that enables <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">gene knockout</a>.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The resulting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_moss" title="Knockout moss">knockout mosses</a> are stored and distributed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Moss_Stock_Center" title="International Moss Stock Center">International Moss Stock Center</a>. <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a>)</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantia_polymorpha" title="Marchantia polymorpha">Marchantia polymorpha</a></em> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverwort" title="Liverwort">liverwort</study a> that is also emerging as a model for plant biology and development.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Populus</a></em> is a genus used as a model in forest genetics and woody plant studies. It has a small genome size, grows very rapidly, and is easily transformed. The genome sequence large amount of black cottonwood (<em><a href="https://en.wikipediaexperimental information.org/wiki/Populus_trichocarpa" title="Populus trichocarpa">Populus trichocarpa</a></em>) is publicly available.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></li> <li>See also <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism#Protists" title="Model organism">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</a></em>, above under Protists.</li></ulp>
<h3ol>Animals[ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_model_organisms&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Animals"li>editGeromics</ali>]</h3ol>
<h4><a hrefp style="httpsmargin-left://en40.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrates" title="Invertebrates0pt">Invertebrates</a>[<a href="https://enField of study systematically discovering, diagnosing, and treating biologic and sociological aging phenomenon systematically using the vocational techniques.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_model_organisms&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invertebrates">edit</a>]</h4p>
<p> </p>
<p><emstrong>4. Discussion<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans"strong>Caenorhabditis elegans</ap> </emp>While Investigating omics, I realized that there are a lot of fields in omics. This is applies not only to omics but also to other studies.</p>
<ulp> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphimedon_queenslandica" title="Amphimedon queenslandica">Amphimedon queenslandica</a></em>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">demosponge</a> from the phylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> used as a model for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics" title="Comparative genomics">comparative genomics</a><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-PMID20686567-15">[15]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbacia_punctulata" title="Arbacia punctulata">Arbacia punctulata</a></em>, the purple-spined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a>, classical subject of embryological studies</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplysia" title="Aplysia">Aplysia</a></em>, a sea slug, whose ink release response serves as a model in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiology" title="Neurobiology">neurobiology</a> and whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_cones" title="Growth cones">growth cones</a> serve as a model of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeletal" title="Cytoskeletal">cytoskeletal</a> rearrangements</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchiostoma_floridae" title="Branchiostoma floridae">Branchiostoma floridae</a></em>, a species commonly known as amphioxus or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">lancelet</a> from the subphylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordata" title="Cephalochordata">Cephalochordata</a> of the phylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> used as a model for understanding the evolution of nonchordate deuterostomes, invertebrate chordates, and vertebrates<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></em>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a>, usually called <em>C. elegans</em><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> - an excellent model for understanding the genetic control of development and physiology. C.elegans has a fixed number of 1031 cells. <em>C. elegans</em> was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced</li> <li><em>Caledia captiva</em> (Orthoptera) in eastern Australia, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callosobruchus_maculatus" title="Callosobruchus maculatus">Callosobruchus maculatus</a></em>, the bruchid beetle, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorthippus_parallelus" title="Chorthippus parallelus">Chorthippus parallelus</a></em>, the meadow grasshopper, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciona_intestinalis" title="Ciona intestinalis">Ciona intestinalis</a></em>, a sea squirt</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">Daphnia spp.</a></em>, small planktonic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, highly sensitive to pollution, used for evaluating environmental toxicity of chemicals on aquatic invertebrates.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelopidae" title="Coelopidae">Coelopidae</a> - seaweed flies, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopsidae" title="Diopsidae">Diopsidae</a> - stalk-eyed flies, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></em>, usually the species <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></em> - a kind of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophilidae" title="Drosophilidae">fruit fly</a>, famous as the subject of genetics experiments by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> and others. Easily raised in lab, rapid generations, mutations easily induced, many observable mutations. Recently, <em>Drosophila</em> has been used for neuropharmacological research.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a>)</em>.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euprymna_scolopes" title="Euprymna scolopes">Euprymna scolopes</a></em>, the Hawaiian bobtail squid, model for animal-bacterial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">bioluminescent</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio" title="Vibrio">vibrios</a></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_mellonella" title="Galleria mellonella">Galleria mellonella</a></em> (the greater wax moth), the larvae of which are an excellent model organism for in vivo toxicology and pathogenicity testing, replacing the use of small mammals in such experiments.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryllus_bimaculatus" title="Gryllus bimaculatus">Gryllus bimaculatus</a></em>, the field cricket, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(genus)" title="Hydra (genus)">Hydra</a></em>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidarian" title="Cnidarian">Cnidarian</a>, is the model organism to understand the processes of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regeneration</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a>, as well as the evolution of bilaterian body plans<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loligo_pealei" title="Loligo pealei">Loligo pealei</a></em>, a squid, subject of studies of nerve function because of its giant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> (nearly 1 mm diameter, roughly a thousand times larger than typical mammalian axons)</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrostomum_lignano" title="Macrostomum lignano">Macrostomum lignano</a></em>, a free-living, marine flatworm, a model organism for the study of stem cells, regeneration, ageing, gene function, and the evolution of sex. Easily raised in the lab, short generation time, indetermined growth, complex behaviour<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemiopsis_leidyi" title="Mnemiopsis leidyi">Mnemiopsis leidyi</a></em>, from the phylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> (comb jelly) used as a model for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics" title="Comparative genomics">comparative genomics</a><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematostella_vectensis" title="Nematostella vectensis">Nematostella vectensis</a></em>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemone</a> from the phylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> used as a model for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics" title="Comparative genomics">comparative genomics</a><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikopleura_dioica" title="Oikopleura dioica">Oikopleura dioica</a></em>,<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvacea" title="Larvacea">appendicularian</a>, a free-swimming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicate (or urochordate)</a>)</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscarella_carmela" title="Oscarella carmela">Oscarella carmela</a></em> a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoscleromorph" title="Homoscleromorph">homoscleromorph</a> sponge (phylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>) used as a model in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parhyale_hawaiensis" title="Parhyale hawaiensis">Parhyale hawaiensis</a></em> an amphipod crustacean, used in evolutionary developmental (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo-devo" title="Evo-devo">evo-devo</a>) studies, with an extensive toolbox for genetic manipulation.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platynereis_dumerilii" title="Platynereis dumerilii">Platynereis dumerilii</a></em> a marine polychaetous annelid, which evolved very slowly and therefore retained Why did these many ancestral features.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Podisma</a></em> spp. in the Alps, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristionchus_pacificus" title="Pristionchus pacificus">Pristionchus pacificus</a></em>, a roundworm used in evolutionary developmental biology in comparative analyses with <em>C. elegans</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scathophaga_stercoraria" title="Scathophaga stercoraria">Scathophaga stercoraria</a></em>, the yellow dung fly, used fields need to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidtea_mediterranea" title="Schmidtea mediterranea">Schmidtea mediterranea</a></em> a freshwater planarian; a model for regeneration and development of tissues such as the brain and germline</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatogastric_nervous_system" title="Stomatogastric nervous system">Stomatogastric ganglion</a> of various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> species; a model for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_pattern_generation" title="Motor pattern generation">motor pattern generation</a> seen in all repetitive motions</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus" title="Strongylocentrotus purpuratus">Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</a></em>, the purple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a>, widely used in developmental biology</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symsagittifera_roscoffensis" title="Symsagittifera roscoffensis">Symsagittifera roscoffensis</a></em>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworm</a>, subject of studies of bilaterian body plan development</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribolium_castaneum" title="Tribolium castaneum">Tribolium castaneum</a></em>, the flour beetle - a small, easily kept <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkling_beetle" title="Darkling beetle">darkling beetle</a> used especially in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_ecology" title="Behavioural ecology">behavioural ecology</a> experiments</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoplax_adhaerens" title="Trichoplax adhaerens">Trichoplax adhaerens</a></em>, a very simple free-living animal from the phylum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> used as a model in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_genomics" title="Comparative genomics">comparative genomics</a><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubifex_tubifex" title="Tubifex tubifex">Tubifex tubifex</a></em>, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligochaeta" title="Oligochaeta">oligochaeta</a> used for evaluating environmental toxicity of chemicals on aquatic and terrestrial worms.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></li>divide?</ulp>
<h4p><a href="https://enIf there are no enough divided fields, aspects to one certain subject will not be various.wikipediaIt might lead to confusion in the study.org</wiki/Vertebrates" title="Vertebrates"p>Vertebrates </ap>[<a href="https://enBut if there are enough kinds of fields, when researcher in each fields will study one certain subject, the result of research will come much clear and persuasively.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_model_organisms&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vertebrates">edit</a>]</h4p>
<p> </p>
<p>Laboratory <strong>5. Reference</strong></p> <p>Wikipedia; Omics;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouseOmics#Lipidomics">micehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omics#Lipidomics</a></p>
<ulp> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombina" title="Bombina">Bombina</a> bombina</em> and <em>Bombina variegata</em>, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_anole" title="Carolina anole">Carolina anole</a> (<em>Anolis carolinensis</em>), used to study reptile genomics</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Cat</a> (<em>Felis sylvestris catus</em>) - used in neurophysiological research.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chicken</a> (<em>Gallus gallus domesticus</em>) - used for developmental studies, as it is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniote</a>and excellent for micromanipulation (e.g. tissue grafting) and over-expression of gene products.</li> <li>Cotton rat (<em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmodon_hispidus" title="Sigmodon hispidus">Sigmodon hispidus</a></em>) - formerly used in polio research.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a> (<em>Canis lupus familiaris</em>) - an important respiratory and cardiovascular model, also contributed to the discovery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_hamster" title="Golden hamster">Golden hamster</a> (<em>Mesocricetus auratus</em>) - first used to study kala-azar (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">leishmaniasis</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a> (<em>Cavia porcellus</em>) - used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> and other early bacteriologists as a host for bacterial infections, hence a byword for "laboratory animal" even though less commonly used today.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_brown_bat" title="Little brown bat">Little brown bat</a> (<em>Myotis lucifugus</em>)- used to prove echolocation exists in bats in 1930s and also used in experiments predicting microbat behavior as it is a reliable species that has typical features of a temperate bat species.</li> <li>Medaka (<em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryzias_latipes" title="Oryzias latipes">Oryzias latipes</a></em>, or Japanese ricefish) - an important model in developmental biology, and has the advantage of being much sturdier than the traditional zebrafish.</li> <li>Mouse (<em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">Mus musculus</a></em>) - the classic model vertebrate. Many inbred strains exist, as well as lines selected for particular traits, often of medical interest, e.g. body size, obesity, muscularity, voluntary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel-running" title="Wheel-running">wheel-running</a> behavior.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a>)</em></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_mole-rat" title="Naked mole-rat">Naked mole-rat</a>, (<em>Heterocephalus glaber</em>), studied for their characteristic pain insensitivity, thermoregulation, cancer resistance, eusociality, and longevity.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothobranchius_furzeri" title="Nothobranchius furzeri">Nothobranchius furzeri</a> is studied because of their extreme short-lifespan in research on aging, disease and evolution.</li> <li>Pigeon (<em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_pigeon" title="Domestic pigeon">Columba livia domestica</a></em>), studied extensively for cognitive science and animal intelligence</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poecilia_reticulata" title="Poecilia reticulata">Poecilia reticulata</a></em>, the guppy, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict</li> <li>Rat (<em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus" title="Rattus norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></em>) - particularly useful as a toxicology model; also particularly useful as a neurological model and source of primary cell cultures, owing to the larger size of organs and suborganellar structures relative to the mouse. <em>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a>)</em></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">Rhesus macaque</a> (or rhesus monkey) (<em>Macaca mulatta</em>) - used for studies on Wikipedia;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_lamprey" title="Sea lamprey">Sea lamprey</a> 체학;(<em>Petromyzon marinus</em>) - spinal cord research</li> <li>Takifugu (<em><a href="https://enko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu_rubripes" title="Takifugu rubripes%EC%B2%B4%ED%95%99">Takifugu rubripes</a></em>, a <a href="https://enko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pufferfish" title="Pufferfish">pufferfish%EC%B2%B4%ED%95%99</a>) - has a small genome with little <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_DNA" title="Junk DNA">junk DNA</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-spined_stickleback" title="Three-spined stickleback">Three-spined stickleback</a> (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>), a fish used to study ethology and behavioral ecology.</li> <li><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenopus_tropicalis" title="Xenopus tropicalis">Xenopus tropicalis</a></em> and <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenopus_laevis" title="Xenopus laevis">Xenopus laevis</a></em> (African clawed frog) - eggs and embryos from these frogs are used in developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology, and neuroscience<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-wallingford-32">[32]</a></sup><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-Harland-33">[33]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_finch" title="Zebra finch">Zebra finch</a> (<em>Taeniopygia guttata</em>) - used in the study of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_system" title="Song system">song system</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbirds</a> and the study of non-mammalian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory systems</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">Zebrafish</a> (<em>Danio rerio</em>, a freshwater fish) - has a nearly transparent body during early development, which provides unique visual access to the animal's internal anatomy. Zebrafish are used to study development, toxicology and toxicopathology,<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> specific gene function and roles of signaling pathways.</li></ulp>