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<p><strong>Transcriptomics</strong> is the study of the transcriptome—the complete set of RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell</p>
<h3p> </h3p>
<h1>Relation between genomics and transcriptomicsand proteomics.</h1>
<p><a href="https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjL_5i_wYnNAhXCq6YKHQwYAGkQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCentral_dogma_of_molecular_biology&bvm=bv.123325700,d.dGY&psig=AFQjCNExMcl1B8q9pPqNJRMlVj4xrRzaYQ&ust=1464962683918950" id="irc_mil" style="border-image: none"><img alt="" id="irc_mi" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg/256px-Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg" style="height:231px; margin-top:124px; width:154px" /></a></p>
<p> However, RNA undergoes many different procedure, it gets its own properties.</p>
<h1p> mRNA include genetic information, codon. By the sequenced codon, ribosomes translate the mRNA into protein.</h1p>
<h1p> During the transcription and the translation, many regulation mechanism is existed to control the amount of expression of genome.</h1p>
<h1p> </h1p>
<h1> What are mRNAs?</h1>
<h1h3><strong>Messenger RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:medium14px">classification of RNA molecule (</span><strong>mRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) </span></h1h3>
<h2p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">is a large family of </span>RNA<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecules that convey </span>genetic information<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> from </span>DNA<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to the </span>ribosome<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, where they specify the </span>amino acid<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> sequence of the </span>protein<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> products of </span>gene expression<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. Following </span>transcription<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> of </span>primary transcript<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> mRNA (known as </span>pre-mRNA<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) by </span>RNA polymerase<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:medium14px">, processed, mature mRNAis </span>translated<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a polymer of amino acids.</span></h2p>
<p><strong>Messenger RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>mRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a large family of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecules that convey </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_information" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Genetic information">genetic information</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="DNA">DNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, where they specify the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">sequence of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> products of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. Following </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Primary transcript">primary transcript</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> mRNA (known as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Precursor mRNA">pre-mRNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, processed, mature mRNA is </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</ah3><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14pxmedium"> into a polymer of amino acidsUTR</span></ph3>
<h3 p><span style="margincolor:rgb(37,37,37); font-leftfamily: 40pxsans-serif; font-size:14px">In </span>molecular genetics<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:medium14px">, an </span><strong>untranslated region</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>UTR</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a </span>coding sequence<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> on a strand of </span>mRNA<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the </span>5' UTR<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>leader sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the </span>3' UTR<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>trailer sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">).</span></h3p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px"><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">In </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Molecular genetics">molecular genetics</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, an </span><strong>untranslated region</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>UTR</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_sequence" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Coding sequence">coding sequence</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> on a strand of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MRNA">mRNA</ah3><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Five prime untranslated region">5' UTR</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>leader sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_prime_untranslated_region" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Three prime untranslated region">3' UTR</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (or </span><strong>trailer sequence</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14pxmedium">).poly A</span></ph3>
<h3 p><strong>Polyadenylation</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is the addition of a </span><strong>poly(A) tail</strong><span style="margincolor:rgb(37,37,37); font-leftfamily: 40pxsans-serif; font-size:14px"> to a </span>messenger<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> </span>RNA<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:medium14px">The poly (A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.</span></h3p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px"><strong>Polyadenylation</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is the addition of a </span><strong>poly(A) tail</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"h3> to a </span><a class="mw-disambig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Messenger">messenger</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14pxmedium">The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.ncRNA</span></ph3>
<h2p><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:medium14px">A </span><strong>non-coding RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>ncRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a functional </span>RNA<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecule that is not </span>translated<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a </span>protein<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as </span>transfer RNAs<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (tRNAs) and </span>ribosomal RNAs<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as </span>microRNAs<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, </span>siRNAs<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, and </span>snRNAs.</h2p>
<ph1><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">A </span><strong>non-coding RNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (</span><strong>ncRNA</strong><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">) is a functional </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> molecule that is not </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Translation (genetics)medium">translated</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> into a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">. </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">Non-coding measurment of RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as expression</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> (tRNAs) and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SiRNA">siRNAs</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px">, and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNA" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="SnRNA">snRNAs</a>.</ph1>
<h1p><span style="font-Northern blotting provides size:medium">measurment and sequence information about the mRNA molecules. A sample of RNA expression</span>is separated on an agarose gel and hybridized to a radioactively labeled RNA probe that is complementary to the target sequence. The radiolabeled RNA is then detected by an autoradiograph.</h1p>
<p><a class="mwRT-redirect" href="http://en.wikipediaqPCR In this technique, reverse transcription is followed by quantitative PCR.org/wiki/RNA-seq" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="RNA-seq">RNA-seq</Reverse transcription first generates a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37)DNA template from the mRNA; fontthis single-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> stranded template is called cDNA. The cDNA template is emerging (2013) as then amplified in the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organismsquantitative step, though during which the fluorescence emitted by labeled hybridization probes or intercalating dyes changes as the older technique of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; font-family: sans-serif; background-image: none; color: rgb(11,0,128); line-height: 22px" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarrays</a><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is still usedamplification process progresses.</span></p>
<h1p>RNA-seq<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:medium14px">Relationship among genome is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, transcriptomethough the older technique of </span>DNA microarrays<span style="color:rgb(37, and proteome37,37); font-family:sans-serif; font-size:14px"> is still used.</span></h1p>
