Changes

<h1p><span style="font-size: medium;">Definition1. What is transcriptomics?</spanp> </h1ul> <pli><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); fontstudy of transcriptome-family: sans-serif&gt; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Thethe complete set of RNA transcripts produced by DNA&nbsp;</spanli> <b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37)li>The&nbsp; font-family: sans-seriftranscriptome&nbsp; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transcriptome</b><span style="color: rgbis the set of all messenger RNA (37, 37, 37mRNA)&nbsp; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">molecules in one cell or a population of cells.&nbsp;is It differs from the set of all RNA molecules, includingexome&nbsp;</span><in that it includes only those RNA molecules found in a href="http://enspecified cell population, and usually includes the amount or concentration of each RNA molecule in addition to the molecular identities.wikipedia.org</wikili></Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA" style="text-decoration: noneul> <p>&nbsp; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-imagemeasuring : none; fontmicro array and RNA-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22pxseq are used for measure about transcriptome in organisms.</p> <p>&nbsp;">mRNA</ap> <span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"p>2. Relationship between genomics and transcriptomics</p>,&nbsp; </spanul> <li>comparison of transcriptomes allow the identification of what kinds of genes are used in certain cell<a href="http:/li></en.wikipedia.orgul> <p>&nbsp;</wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA" style="text-decoration: nonep> <p>&nbsp; color: rgb(11, 0, 128)</p> <p>3. What are mRNAs?&nbsp; background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"</p>rRNA </aul> <span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-li>large family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;of RNA that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome</spanli> <li>related to transcription in which RNA polymerase makes mRNA transcripts from template DNA<a href="http:/li> <li>processing&nbsp;</en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA" style="text-decoration: noneli> <li> <ul> <li>5&#39; colorcap addition : rgb(11, 0, 128)critical for recognition by the ribosome &nbsp; background-image/ protection from RNases</li> <li>Editing : none; font-familychange nucleotide composition of the mRNA</li> <li>polyadenylation : sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"protecting mRNA from degrading by exonucleases</li> </ul>tRNA </ali> <li>structure<span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"/li> <li>, and other&nbsp; </spanul> <a href="httpli>coding region :composed of codons, containing genetic information<br //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA" style="text-decoration: none> &nbsp; color: rgb(11, 0, 128)&nbsp; background-image: none&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; font-family: sans-serif&nbsp; font-size: 14px&nbsp; line-height: 22px&nbsp;">non-coding RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37)&nbsp; font-family: sans-serif&nbsp; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px&nbsp;">&nbsp;coding region begin with start codon and end with stop codon</spanli> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_li>untranslated region (genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none5&#39; color: rgb(11, 0, 128)UTR / 3&#39; background-image: noneUTR&nbsp; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;")</li> <li>transcribed </aul> <span style="colorli>location : rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;in one cell or a population of&before the start codon &nbsp;/ after the stop codon</spanli> <a href="httpli>feature : locus which are not translated</li> <li>advantage :mRNA stability, mRNA localization , translational efficiency</li> </en.wikipedia.orgul> </wiki/Cell_li> <li>poly(biologyA)" title="Cell (biology)" style="text-decoration: nonetail&nbsp; color</li> <li> <ul> <li>composition : rgb(11, 0, 128); background-imagelone repetitive sequences of adenine nucleotides</li> <li>function : none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">cellspromote export from the nucleus / stimulate translation / protect the mRNA from degradation (by exonucleases)</ali> <span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"/ul>.&nbsp; </spanli> </pul> <h1/li><span style="font-size: medium;">classification of RNA molecule</span></h1>/ul> <h2><font size="3"p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span styleimg src="font-sizefile: medium;///C:/Users/john/AppData/Local/Temp/enhtmlclip/search.jpg"/>mRNA</spanp> </fontp>&nbsp;</h2p> <p>&nbsp;<b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"/p> <p>Messenger 4. How to measure RNAexpression?</bp> <ul> <span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); fontli>high-family: sans-serifthroughput methods &gt; font-size: 14px&gt; line-height: 22px;"microarray</li></ul> <p>&nbsp;(</spanp> <b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serifp>&nbsp; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">mRNA</bp> <span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"p>5. Relationship between Transcriptome and Proteome.</p>) is a large family  <ul> <li>transcriptome is related to the mRNA transcript while Proteome is related to protein product. Because mRNA is intermediate of protein production, there relative amount of expression can indicate the expression degrees of&nbsp;others.</spanli></ul> <p>&nbsp;<a href="http:/p> <p>&nbsp;</enp> <p>6.wikipedia.orgWhat is a UTR?</wikip> <ul> <li>untranslated region ( 5&#39; UTR /RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none3&#39; UTR&nbsp; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"</li>RNA </ali> <span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-familyul> <li>location : sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;molecules that conveybefore the start codon &nbsp;/ after the stop codon</spanli> <a href="httpli>feature :locus which are not translated</li> <li>advantage : mRNA stability, mRNA localization , translational efficiency</en.wikipedia.orgli> </ul> </wikili></Genetic_information" title="Genetic information" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: noneul> <p>&nbsp; color: rgb(11, 0, 128)</p> <p>&nbsp; background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"</p>genetic information </ap>7. What is ncRNA&nbsp;?<span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"/p>&nbsp;from&nbsp; </spanul> <a href="httpli>non-coding RNA :RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein</li> <li>function</en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA" style="textli> <li> <ul> <li>gene-regulation</li> <li> <ul> <li>trans-decorationacting ncRNAs : none; colormicroRNAs</li> <li>cis-acting ncRNAs : rgbriboswitch (11, 0, 128)5&#39; background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"UTR)</li> </ul>DNA </ali> <span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;"/ul>&nbsp;to the&nbsp; </spanli><a href="http:/ul> <p>&nbsp;</en.wikipedia.orgp> <p>&nbsp;</wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome" style="text-decoration: nonep> <p>8. What is poly A&nbsp; color?</p> <ul> <li>composition : rgb(11, 0, 128); background-imagelone repetitive sequences of adenine nucleotides</li> <li>function : none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ribosome<promote export from the nucleus / stimulate translation /a><span style="color: rgbprotect the mRNA from degradation (37, 37, 37by exonucleases); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, where they specify the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">amino acid</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">sequence of the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">protein</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;products of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">gene expression</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">. Following&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" title="Transcription (genetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transcription</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript" title="Primary transcript" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">primary transcript</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;mRNA (known as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_mRNA" title="Precursor mRNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">pre-mRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) by&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA polymerase</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, processed, mature mRNA is&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" title="Translation (genetics)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">translated</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;into a polymer of amino acids</span></p><h3><span style="font-size: medium;">UTR</span></h3><p><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">In&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">molecular genetics</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">, an&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">untranslated region</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(or&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">UTR</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_sequence" title="Coding sequence" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">coding sequence</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;on a strand of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA" title="MRNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">mRNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region" title="Five prime untranslated region" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">5' UTR</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(or&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">leader sequence</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_prime_untranslated_region" title="Three prime untranslated region" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">3' UTR</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(or&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">trailer sequence</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">).</span></p><h3><span style="font-size: medium;">poly A</span></h3><p><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Polyadenylation</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is the addition of a&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">poly(A) tail</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;to a&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger" title="Messenger" class="mw-disambig" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">messenger</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded.</span></p><h2><span style="font-size: medium;">ncRNA</span></h2><p><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">A&nbsp;</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">non-coding RNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(</span><b style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ncRNA</b><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">) is a functional&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;molecule that is not&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" title="Translation (genetics)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">translated</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;into a&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">protein</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Non-coding RNA genes include highly abundant and functionally important RNAs such as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">transfer RNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;(tRNAs) and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ribosomal RNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">(rRNAs), as well as RNAs such as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">microRNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA" title="SiRNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">siRNAs</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">,&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnRNA" title="SnRNA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">snRNAs</a>.</p><h2><span style="font-size: medium;">measurment of RNA expression</span></h2><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-seq" title="RNA-seq" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">RNA-seq</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, though the older technique of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">DNA microarrays</a><span style="color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">&nbsp;is still used.</span></p><h2><span style="font-size: medium;">Relationship between genomics and transcriptomics</span></h2><h2><span style="font-size: medium;">Relationship between Transcriptome and Proteome</span></h2><h1>&nbsp;</h1li><h1>&nbsp;</h1ul>