<p><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</p><p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></p><p>Genomics was founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp) and bovine mitochondrial genome.</p><p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then Define Genomics your own way after doing research on what genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001how we study.</p><p>As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</p>

 <pul> <span class="editsection"li><It is about sequencing of DNA&nbsp;/span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics<mRNA /font></span>proteome and analyzing the function and structure of genome (especially whole genome in a cell or organism)</pli> <pli>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial difference from genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the : genetic study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part detail of microbial genomes. Analysis function or composition of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences single gene whereas genomics cover all genes and prophage-like elementstheir relationship. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</supli></pul> 

 <p>2) What is the origin of genomics?<span class/p> <ul> <li>genomics ="editsection"gene + omics</li> <li> <ul> <li>gene = &nbsp;locus of DNA containing genetic information which is mostly related to phenotype</spanli> <span li>omics = field of study in biology class="mw-headline"&gt;&gt; proteomics ,metabolomics ,lipidomics , transcriptomics...</li> </ul> </li></ul> <p>3) History of genomics?</p> <ul> <li>1952 : helical structure of DNA (Rosaline Franklin)</li> <li>1953 : structure of DNA ( James D, Watson , Francis Crick )</li> <li>1955 : Amino acid sequence of insulin (Fred Sanger)</li> <li>1964 : first nucleic acid sequence &gt;&gt; ribonucleotide sequence of alanine tRNA (Robert W.Holley)</li> <font size="4"li>See also1972 : gene sequence for Bacteriophage MS2 ( Walter Fiers)&nbsp;</fontli></spanul> <p>4) The future of genomics?</p> 

<li>[[Omics]] Personal genomics</li> <li>[[Proteomics]] </liul> <li>[[Interactomics]] definition : sequencing individual genomes</li> <li>[[Functional why needed? every personal genome sequencing are different, so there may be some side effect from public drug or chemicals If certain person has specific gene sensitive to the drugs. personal genomics]] is able to carry genome sequencing from each person and by doing this, we can reach ideal drugs optimum to each person.</li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] application (effect) : physiology / drugs / personal information of genetic disease / genetic variants</li> <li/ul>[[Nitrogenomics]] </li>

 <p><span class="editsection"><hr /span><span class="mw-headline"p><font size="4">References&nbsp;</fontp> </spanp>Types of genomics</p> <ol class="references"ul> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="httpCognitive genomics ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^changes in cognitive processes</ali> </strongli> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of Comparative genomics : study the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 relationship between structure and function</li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="httpFunctional genomics ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence study of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary function and secondary structure interaction of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 certain genomes</li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="httpMetagenomics ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GMenvironmental genomics, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence study of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Naturegenetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="httpPersonal genomics ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^personalized genomics targeted for individual genome sequencing</ali> </strongli> <a class="external text" title="httpEpigenomics ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> set of epigenetic modification</li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4"ul>^ </ap>&nbsp;</strongp>  <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.html"p><em>Genome Project Statisticeffect</emp>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007 </a> </liul> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_refgene-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a> based understanding of complex biomolecules&nbsp;</li> <li id="_note-6">study of intragenomic phenomena or their mutation<strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6"li>^</aul> </strongp> &nbsp;<a class="external text" title="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </lip> <li id="_note-7"p><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_refDNA-7">^sequencing</ap> </strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </liul> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://enwww.wikipediamun.orgca/wikibiology/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^<scarr/a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal4241_StepstowardsDNASequencing.html">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics Plus and Molecular Biology</a>minus technique</em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="httphttps://enwww.wikipediayoutube.orgcom/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0watch?v=iTBTHmhNNbE">^Sanger method</a></strongli> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <emli><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="httphttps://www.horizonpressyoutube.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a classwatch?v="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyantiG-rxkhlqg">ISBN 978-1-904455-15Maxam-8Gilbert method</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li></olul>