<p><strong>1) Define Genomics</strong> is the omics your own way after doing research on what genomes are and how we study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. It is also a paradigm of performing science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions and roles. The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large set of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs computing and bioinformatics.</p> 

 <pul> <span class="editsection"li>It is about sequencing of DNA&nbsp;/ mRNA / proteome and analyzing the function and structure of genome (especially whole genome in a cell or organism)</span><span class="mw-headline"li> <font size="4"li>History difference from genetics : genetic study the detail of function or composition of the fielda single gene whereas genomics cover all genes and their relationship.</fontli></spanul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Genomics was founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed an automatic gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174nbsp; (5,368 bp) and bovine mitochondrial genome.</p> <p>In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium2) were the first to determine What is the sequence origin of a gene: the genomics?</p> <ul> <li>genomics = gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.+ omics<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0"/li>[1] </supli> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-1"ul>[2] </supli> The first gene = &nbsp;locus of DNA-based genome containing genetic information which is mostly related to be sequenced phenotype</li> <li>omics = field of study in its entirety was that of bacteriophage biology class &Phigt;-X174&gt; (5proteomics ,metabolomics ,368 bp)lipidomics , sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977transcriptomics...<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2"/li>[3] </supul>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em/li>Haemophilus influenzae</emul> <p> (1.8 Mb3) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft History of the human genome was completed by the Human Genome Project in early 2001, creating much fanfare.genomics?</p> <ul> <pli>As 1952 : helical structure of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses DNA (Rosaline Franklin)<sup class="reference" id="_ref-3"/li>[4] </supli>1953 : structure of DNA ( James D, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organismsWatson , of which about half are fungi. Francis Crick )<sup class="reference" id="_ref-4"/li>[5] </supli> Most 1955 : Amino acid sequence of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as insulin (Fred Sanger)<em/li>Haemophilus influenzae </emli>1964 : first nucleic acid sequence &gt;&gt; ribonucleotide sequence of alanine tRNA (Robert W. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (Holley)<em/li>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </emli>1972 : gene sequence for Bacteriophage MS2 ( Walter Fiers) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly &nbsp;<em/li>Drosophila melanogaster</emul> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics <p>4). The worm future of genomics?<em/p>Caenorhabditis elegans </emul> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <emli>Brachydanio rerioPersonal genomics</emli> is used for many developmental studies on the molecular level and the flower <emli>Arabidopsis thaliana </emul> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish ( <emli>Takifugu rubripesdefinition : sequencing individual genomes</emli>) and the spotted green pufferfish ( <emli>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) why needed? every personal genome sequencing are interesting because of their small different, so there may be some side effect from public drug or chemicals If certain person has specific gene sensitive to the drugs. personal genomics is able to carry genome sequencing from each person and compact genomesby doing this, containing very little non-coding DNA compared we can reach ideal drugs optimum to most specieseach person. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5"/li>[6] <li>application (effect) : physiology / drugs / personal information of genetic disease /sup> genetic variants<sup class="reference" id="_ref-6"/li>[7] </supul> The mammals dog ( <em/li>Canis familiaris</emul>),  <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7"p>[8]5) What is the relationship with other omics?</supp> brown rat ( <emul>Rattus norvegicus </emli>)functional genomics looks for the protein function and interaction, mouse (so they sometimes use transcriptomics or proteomics to know what kinds of function certain protein or transcriptome have&nbsp;<em/li>Mus musculus</emul> <p>6), and chimpanzee (How can we engineer genomes?</p> <ul> <emli>Pan troglodytesmodify genomic sequence --&gt; repair mutated genes.</emli>) are all important model animals in medical research.</pul> 

<p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></p><p>Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup><hr /p>

 <p><span class="editsection">Types of genomics</spanp> <span class="mw-headline"ul> <font size="4"li>Cyanobacteria GenomicsCognitive genomics : changes in cognitive processes</fontli> </spanli>Comparative genomics : study the relationship between structure and function</pli> <pli>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for which a total genome sequence is available. 15 Functional genomics : study of function and interaction of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em>Prochlorococcuscertain genomes</emli> strains, seven marine <emli>Synechococcus</em> strainsMetagenomics : environmental genomics, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> IMS101 and <em>Crocosphaera watsonii</em> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics study of marine cyanobacteriagenetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. However, there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further <em>Prochlorococcus</emli> and marine <emli>SynechococcusPersonal genomics : personalized genomics targeted for individual genome sequencing</emli> isolates, <em>Acaryochloris</em> and <em>Prochloron</em>, the N₂-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <em>Nodularia spumigena</em>, <emli>Lyngbya aestuarii</em> and <em>Lyngbya majuscula</em>, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceria. Thus, the growing body Epigenomics : set of genome information can also be tapped in a more general way to address global problems by applying a comparative approach. Some new and exciting examples of progress in this field are the identification of genes for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis, or estimation of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the genomes that have been analyzed.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0">[10]epigenetic modification</supli></pul> 

 <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span>effect</p> 

<li>[[Omics]] gene-based understanding of complex biomolecules&nbsp;</li> <li>[[Proteomics]] </li> <li>[[Interactomics]] </li> <li>[[Functional genomics]] </li> <li>[[Computational genomics]] </li> <li>[[Nitrogenomics]] study of intragenomic phenomena or their mutation</li>

 <p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mwDNA-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span>sequencing</p><ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12;237(5350):82-8 </liul> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2">^</a></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24;265(5596):687-95 </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlmmun.nih.govca/genomesbiology/VIRUSESscarr/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat4241_StepstowardsDNASequencing.html"><em>The Viral Genomes ResourcePlus and minus technique</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="httphttps://www.ncbiyoutube.nlm.nih.gov/genomescom/static/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" hrefwatch?v="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat.htmliTBTHmhNNbE"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a> </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashed</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004Sanger method</a> </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="httphttps://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a> </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpressyoutube.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li idwatch?v="_notetiG-Herrero"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyanrxkhlqg">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978Maxam-1-904455-15-8Gilbert method</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"> <br /> </span></li></olul>