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<p><font size="3"><strong>Genomics</strong> is the omics study of genes of individual organisms,&nbsp;populations, and species. <br /></font></p><p><font size="3">It is also a paradigm of performing biological science that deviates from&nbsp;investigating single genes, their functions, and roles. <br /></font></p><p><font size="3">The main reason of an independent biological discipline is that it deals with very large sets of genetic information to automatically analyze information using interaction and network concepts. Genomics inevitably employs high performance computing and bioinformatics technologies.</font><br /></p><p><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4"><br /></font></span></p><p><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">History of the field</font></span></strong></p><p><font size="3">Genomics was practically founded by Fred Sanger group in 1970s when they developed&nbsp;a gene sequencing technique and completed the first genomes; namely bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp),&nbsp;the human mitochondrial genome, and lamda virus.</font></p><p><font size="3">In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> In 1976, the team determined the complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup> The first DNA-based genome to be sequenced in its entirety was that of bacteriophage &Phi;-X174; (5,368 bp), sequenced by Frederick Sanger in 1977<sup class="reference" id="_ref-2">[3]</sup>. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> (1.8 Mb) in 1995, and since then genomes are being sequenced at a rapid pace. A rough draft of the human genome was completed by Sanger centre and the Human Genome Project in early 2001.</font></p><p><font size="3">As of September 2007, the complete sequence was known of about 1879 viruses <sup class="reference" id="_ref-3">[4]</sup>, 577 bacterial species and roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which about half are fungi. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-4">[5]</sup> Most of the bacteria whose genomes have been completely sequenced are problematic disease-causing agents, such as <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>. Of the other sequenced species, most were chosen because they were well-studied model organisms or promised to become good models. Yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) has long been an important model organism for the eukaryotic cell, while the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> has been a very important tool (notably in early pre-molecular genetics). The worm <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is an often used simple model for multicellular organisms. The zebrafish <em>Brachydanio rerio</em> is used for many developmental studies Define Genomics your own way after doing research on the molecular level and the flower <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> is a model organism for flowering plants. The Japanese pufferfish (<em>Takifugu rubripes</em>) and the spotted green pufferfish (<em>Tetraodon nigroviridis</em>) are interesting because of their small and compact what genomes, containing very little non-coding DNA compared to most species. <sup class="reference" id="_ref-5">[6]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="_ref-6">[7]</sup> The mammals dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>), <sup class="reference" id="_ref-7">[8]</sup> brown rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), and chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) are all important model animals in medical research.</font></p><p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></p><p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">Bacteriophage Genomics</font></span></strong></p><p><font size="3">Bacteriophages have played and continue to play a key role in bacterial genetics and molecular biology. Historically, they were used to define gene structure and gene regulation. Also the first genome to be sequenced was a bacteriophage. However, bacteriophage research did not lead the genomics revolution, which is clearly dominated by bacterial genomics. Only very recently has the how we study of bacteriophage genomes become prominent, thereby enabling researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying phage evolution. Bacteriophage genome sequences can be obtained through direct sequencing of isolated bacteriophages, but can also be derived as part of microbial genomes. Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage-like elements. A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-McGrath_0">[9]</sup></font></p> 

 <pul> <span class="editsection"li>It is about sequencing of DNA&nbsp;/ mRNA / proteome and analyzing the function and structure of genome (especially whole genome in a cell or organism)</spanli> <li>difference from genetics : genetic study the detail of function or composition of a single gene whereas genomics cover all genes and their relationship.<strong/li><span class="mw-headline"/ul> <font size="4"p>Cyanobacteria Genomics&nbsp;</fontp> <p>&nbsp;</spanp> </strongp>2) What is the origin of genomics?</p> <pul> <font sizeli>genomics ="3"gene + omics</li> <li> <ul> <li>At present there are 24 cyanobacteria for gene = &nbsp;locus of DNA containing genetic information which a total genome sequence is availablemostly related to phenotype</li> <li>omics = field of study in biology class &gt;&gt; proteomics ,metabolomics ,lipidomics , transcriptomics.. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six <em/li>Prochlorococcus </emul> <em/li>Synechococcus</emul> strains,  <emp>Trichodesmium erythraeum3) History of genomics?</emp> IMS101 and  <ul> <emli>Crocosphaera watsonii1952 : helical structure of DNA (Rosaline Franklin)</emli> [[WH8501. Several studies have demonstrated how these sequences could be used very successfully to infer important ecological and physiological characteristics <li>1953 : structure of marine cyanobacteria. HoweverDNA ( James D, there are many more genome projects currently in progressWatson , amongst those there are further Francis Crick )</li> <emli>Prochlorococcus1955 : Amino acid sequence of insulin (Fred Sanger)</emli> and marine <emli>Synechococcus1964 : first nucleic acid sequence &gt;&gt; ribonucleotide sequence of alanine tRNA (Robert W.Holley)</emli> isolates, <emli>Acaryochloris1972 : gene sequence for Bacteriophage MS2 ( Walter Fiers)&nbsp;</emli> and <em/ul>Prochloron </emp>, the N4) The future of genomics?<sub/p>2 </subul>-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria <emli>Nodularia spumigenaPersonal genomics</emli>, <emli>Lyngbya aestuarii </emul> and <emli>Lyngbya majusculadefinition : sequencing individual genomes</emli> <li>why needed? every personal genome sequencing are different, as well as bacteriophages infecting marine cyanobaceriaso there may be some side effect from public drug or chemicals If certain person has specific gene sensitive to the drugs. Thuspersonal genomics is able to carry genome sequencing from each person and by doing this, the growing body of genome information we can also be tapped in a more general way reach ideal drugs optimum to address global problems by applying a comparative approacheach person. Some new and exciting examples </li> <li>application (effect) : physiology / drugs / personal information of progress in this field are genetic disease / genetic variants</li> </ul> </li></ul> <p>5) What is the identification of genes relationship with other omics?</p> <ul> <li>functional genomics looks for regulatory RNAs, insights into the evolutionary origin of photosynthesisprotein function and interaction, so they sometimes use transcriptomics or estimation proteomics to know what kinds of the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to the function certain protein or transcriptome have&nbsp;</li></ul> <p>6) How can we engineer genomes that have been analyzed?</p> <ul> <li>modify genomic sequence --&gt; repair mutated genes.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Herrero_0"/li>[10]</supul> <p>&nbsp;</fontp> strains, seven marine  <hr /p>

 <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">See also</font></span></strong>Types of genomics</p> 

<li><font size="3">[[Pangenomics]] and [[Pangenome]]</font> Cognitive genomics : changes in cognitive processes</li> <li><font size="3">[[Personal Genome Project]]</font> Comparative genomics : study the relationship between structure and function</li> <li><font size="3">[[Omics]] </font>Functional genomics : study of function and interaction of certain genomes</li> <li><font size="3">[[Proteomics]] </font>Metagenomics : environmental genomics, study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples.</li> <li><font size="3">[[Interactomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Functional Personal genomics]] </font></li> <li><font size="3">[[Computational : personalized genomics]] </font>targeted for individual genome sequencing</li> <li><font size="3">[[Nitrogenomics]]</font> Epigenomics : set of epigenetic modification</li>

 <p><span class="editsection"></span><strong><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4">References</font></span></strong>effect</p> <ol class="references"ul> <li id="_note-0"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_refgene-0">^</a></strong> Min Jou W, Haegeman G, Ysebaert M, Fiers W., Nucleotide sequence based understanding of the gene coding for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein, Nature. 1972 May 12complex biomolecules&nbsp;237(5350):82-8 </font></li> <li id="_note-1"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Fiers W et al., Complete nucleotide-sequence study of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976 </font>intragenomic phenomena or their mutation</li> <li id="_note-2"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-2"ul>^ </ap></strong> Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M., Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA, Nature. 1977 Feb 24&nbsp;265(5596):687-95 </font></lip> <li id="_note-3"p><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_refDNA-3">^sequencing</ap> </strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/VIRUSES/virostat.html"><em>The Viral Genomes Resource</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </liul> <li id="_note-4"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nihmun.govca/genomesbiology/staticscarr/gpstat.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/static/gpstat4241_StepstowardsDNASequencing.html"><em>Genome Project Statistic</em>, NCBI Friday, 14 September, 2007</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-5"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3760766.stm">BBC article <em>Human gene number slashedPlus and minus technique</em> from Wednesday, 20 October, 2004</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-6"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="httphttps://www.cbseyoutube.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2003/10/16/pufferfish_fruitfly/index.shtml">CBSE News, Thursday October 16, 2003</a></font> <com/li> <li idwatch?v="_note-7iTBTHmhNNbE"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-7">^Sanger method</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.gov/12511476" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.gov/12511476">NHGRI, pressrelease of the publishing of the dog genome</a></font> </li> <li id="_note-McGrath"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-McGrath_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mc Grath S and van Sinderen D (editors). (2007). <em><a class="external text" title="httphttps://www.horizonpressyoutube.com/phage" rel="nofollow" hrefwatch?v="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/phage">ISBN 978-1-904455-14tiG-1</a> .</cite><span class="Z3988" title=rxkhlqg"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bacteriophage%3A+Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.au=Mc+Grath+S+and+van+Sinderen+D+%28editors%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fphage">&nbsp;</span></font> </li> <li id="_note-Herrero"><font size="3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#_ref-Herrero_0">^</a></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution</a></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/cyan">ISBN 978Maxam-1-904455-15-8Gilbert method</a> .</cite></font><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cyanobacteria%3A+Molecular+Biology%2C+Genomics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Herrero+A+and+Flores+E+%28editor%29.&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fcyan"><font size="3"> </font><br /> </span></li></olul>