Changes

<p><font color="#000000"><strong>Nutrigenomics</strong> is the study of molecular relationships between <font color="#002bb8">nutrition</font> and the response of <font color="#002bb8">genes</font>, with the aim of extrapolating how such subtle changes can affect <font color="#002bb8">human health</font>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><font colorclass="#002bb8reference"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the <font color="#5a3696">genome</font>, <font color="#002bb8">genome, proteome</font>, and <font color="#002bb8">metabolome</font>. By determining the mechanism of the effects of <font color="#002bb8">nutrients</font> or the effects of a nutritional regime, Nutrigenomics tries to define the <font color="#002bb8">relationship</font> between these specific nutrients and specific nutrient regimes (diets) on human health. Nutrigenomics has been associated with the idea of personalized nutrition based on genotype. While there is hope that nutrigenomics will ultimately enable such personalised dietary advice, it is a science still in its infancy and its contribution to <font color="#002bb8">public health</font> public health over the next decade is thought to be minor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-0"><font colorclass="#002bb8reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></fontsup></supfont></p><p>&nbsp;<font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Definitions</font></span></h2><p>Nutrigenomics focuses on <font color="#000000">Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the <font color="#5a3696">genome</font>, <font color="#002bb8">proteome</font>, and <font color="#002bb8">metabolome</font>. It is applying the sciences of <font color="#002bb8">genomics</font>, <font color="#002bb8">transcriptomics</font>, <font color="#002bb8">proteomics</font> and <font color="#002bb8">metabolomics</font> to human <font color="#002bb8">nutrition</font> in nutrition in order to understand the <font color="#002bb8">relationship</font> between <font color="#002bb8">nutrition</font> and <font color="#002bb8">health</font>. Nutrigenomics is a new science and has several different definitions. Nutrigenomics has been defined as the application of high-throughput genomic tools in nutrition research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-1"><font colorclass="#002bb8reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup> The term <font color="#002bb8">high throughput</font> tools in nutrigenomics refers to genetic tools that enable literally millions of genetic screening tests to be conducted at a single time. When such high throughput screening is applied in nutrition research, it allows the examination of how nutrients affect the thousands of genes present in the human genome. Nutrigenomics involves the characterization of <font color="#002bb8">gene products</font> and the physiological function and <font color="#002bb8">interactions</font> of these products. This includes how nutrients impact on the production and action of specific gene products and how these proteins in turn affect the response to nutrients. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><font colorclass="#002bb8reference"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></fontsup></supfont></p><p><font color="#002bb8000000"></font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Background and preventive health</font></span></h2><p>Throughout the 20th century, <font color="#002bb8000000">Throughout the 20th century, nutritional science</font> focused on finding <font color="#002bb8">vitamins</font> and <font color="#002bb8">minerals</font>, defining minerals, defining their use and preventing the <font color="#002bb8">deficiency diseases</font> that they caused. As the nutrition related health problems of the <font color="#002bb8">developed worldshifted to overnutrition, obesity and type two diabetes, the focus of modern medicine and of nutritional science changed accordingly.</font> shifted to </p><p><font color="#002bb8000000">overnutrition</font>In order to address the increasing incidence of these diet-related-diseases, <font color="#002bb8">obesity</font> the role of diet and nutrition has been and <font color="#002bb8">type two diabetes</font>, continues to be extensively studied. To prevent the focus development of <font color="#002bb8">modern medicine</font> disease, nutrition research is investigating how nutrition can optimize and of nutritional science changed accordinglymaintain cellular, tissue, organ and whole body homeostasis.</p><p>In order to address This requires understanding how nutrients act at the increasing <font color="#002bb8">incidence</font> molecular level. This involves a multitude of these dietnutrient-related-diseasesinteractions at the gene, the role of diet protein and nutrition has been and continues to be extensively studiedmetabolic levels. To prevent the development of diseaseAs a result, nutrition research is investigating how nutrition can optimize has shifted from epidemiology and maintain cellular, tissue, organ physiology to molecular biology and whole body genetics<font colorsup id="cite_ref-muller_1-2" class="#002bb8reference">homeostasis<span>[</fontspan>2<span>]</span></sup> and nutrigenomics was born. This requires understanding how nutrients act at the molecular level. This involves a multitude </font></p><p><font color="#000000">The emergence and development of nutrient-related interactions at the genenutrigenomics has been possible due to powerful developments in genetic research. Inter-individual differences in genetics, protein and metabolic levels. As a resultor genetic variability, nutrition which have an effect on metabolism and on phenotypes were recognized early in nutrition research has shifted from <font color="#002bb8">epidemiology</font> , and <font color="#002bb8">physiology</font> such phenotypes were described. With the progress in genetics, biochemical disorders with a high nutritional relevance were linked to a genetic origin. Genetic disorders which cause pathological effects were described. Such genetic disorders include the polymorphism in the gene for the hormone Leptin which results in gross obesity. Other gene polymorphisms were described with consequences for human nutrition. The folate metabolism is a good example, where a common polymorphism exists for the gene that encodes the methylene-tetrahydro-folate reductase (MTHFR).<font color="#002bb8">molecular biology</font> and <font color="#002bb8">genetics</font><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-2"><font color="#002bb8"><span/font>[</spanp>2<span>]</spanp></fontcolor="#000000"></sup> and nutrigenomics It was born.</p><p>The emergence and development realized however, that there are possibly thousands of nutrigenomics has been possible due to powerful developments other gene polymorphisms which may result in minor deviations in <font color="#002bb8">genetic</font> <font color="#002bb8">research</font>. Inter-individual differences in geneticsnutritional biochemistry, where only marginal or <font color="#002bb8">genetic variability</font>, which have an effect on metabolism and on phenotypes additive effects would result from these deviations. The tools to study the physiological impact were recognized early in nutrition research, not available at the time and such phenotypes were described. With are only now becoming available enabling the development of nutrigenomics. Such tools include those that measure the progress in geneticstranscriptome - DNA microarray, Exon array, Tiling arrays, biochemical disorders with a high nutritional <font color="#002bb8">relevance</font> were linked to a genetic originsingle nucleotide polymorphism arrays and genotyping. <font color="#002bb8">Genetic disorders</font> which cause pathological effects were describedTools that measure the proteome are less developed. Such genetic disorders These include methods based on gel electrophoresis, chromatography and mass spectrometry. Finally the tools that measure the polymorphism in the gene for the hormone <font color="#002bb8">Leptin</font> which results metabolome are also less developed and include methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and mass spectrometry often in gross obesitycombination with gas and liquid chromatography. Other gene </font color="#002bb8">polymorphisms</fontp><p> were described with consequences for human nutrition. The <font color="#002bb8000000">folate&nbsp;</font> metabolism is a good example, where a common polymorphism exists for the gene that encodes the </p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#002bb8000000">methylene-tetrahydro-folate reductase (MTHFR)Rationale and aims of nutrigenomics</font>.</pspan></h2><p>It was realized however<font color="#000000">In nutrigenomics, that there nutrients are possibly thousands of other gene polymorphisms which may result seen as signals that tell a specific cell in minor deviations the body about the diet. The nutrients are detected by a sensor system in nutritional biochemistry, where only marginal or additive effects would result from these deviationsthe cell. The tools to study Such a sensory system works like sensory ecology whereby the physiological impact were not available at cell obtains information through the signal, the time and are only now becoming available enabling nutrient, about its environment, which is the development of nutrigenomicsdiet. Such tools include those The sensory system that measure interprets information from nutrients about the transcriptome - <font color="#002bb8">DNA microarray</font>dietary environment include transcription factors together with many additional proteins. Once the nutrient interacts with such a sensory system, <font color="#002bb8">Exon</font> arrayit changes gene, Tiling arraysprotein expression and metabolite production in accordance with the level of nutrient it senses. As a result, <font color="#002bb8">single nucleotide polymorphism</font> arrays different diets should elicit different patterns of gene and protein expression and <font color="#002bb8">genotyping</font>metabolite production. Tools that measure Nutrigenomics seeks to describe the patterns of these effects which have been referred to as <font color="#002bb8"em>proteomedietary signatures</fontem> . Such dietary signatures are less developed. These include methods based on <font color="#002bb8">gel electrophoresis</font>examined in specific cells, <font color="#002bb8">chromatography</font> and <font color="#002bb8">mass spectrometry</font>. Finally tissues and organisms and in this way the tools that measure the <font color="#002bb8">metabolome</font> manner by which nutrition influences homeostasis is investigated. Genes which are also less developed and include methods based on <font color="#002bb8">nuclear magnetic resonance imaging</font> affected by differing levels of nutrients need first to be identified and <font colorthen their regulation is studied. Differences in this regulation as a result of differences in genes between individuals are also studied. <sup id="#002bb8cite_ref-muller_1-3">mass spectrometry</font> often in combination with <font colorclass="#002bb8reference">gas and liquid chromatography</fontspan>.[</pspan>2<pspan>&nbsp;]</pspan><h2><span class="mw-headline"/sup>Rationale and aims of nutrigenomics</spanfont></h2p><p>In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen as <font color<font color="#002bb8000000">signals</font> It is hoped that tell a specific <font color="#002bb8">cell</font> in by building up knowledge in this area, nutrigenomics will promote an increased understanding of how nutrition influences metabolic pathways and homeostatic control, which will then be used to prevent the body about the <font color="#002bb8">development of chronic diet</font>related diseases such as obesity and type two diabetes. The nutrients are detected by a sensor system in Part of the approach of nutrigenomics involves finding markers of the cell. Such a sensory system works like <font color="#002bb8">sensory ecology</font> whereby early phase of diet related diseases; this is the cell obtains information through phase at which intervention with nutrition can return the signal, the nutrient, about its environment, which is patient to health. As nutrigenomics seeks to understand the effect of different genetic predispositions in the <font color="#002bb8">diet</font>. The sensory system that interprets information from nutrients about development of such diseases, once a marker has been found and measured in an individual, the dietary environment include extent to which they are susceptible to the development of that disease will be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be given for that person.</font color="#002bb8">transcription factors</fontp><p> together with many additional proteins. Once the nutrient interacts with such a sensory system, it changes <font color="#002bb8000000">gene</font>, <font color="#002bb8">protein expression</font> and metabolite production in accordance with The aims of nutrigenomics also includes being able to demonstrate the level effect of nutrient it senses. As a resultbioactive food compounds on health and the effect of health foods on health, different diets which should elicit different patterns lead to the development of gene and functional foods that will keep people healthy according to their individual needs.</font></p><p><font color="#002bb8000000">protein expression</font> Nutrigenomics is a rapidly emerging science still in its beginning stages. It is uncertain whether the tools to study protein expression and metabolite production. Nutrigenomics seeks have been developed to describe the patterns of these effects which have been referred point as to as <em>dietary signatures</em>enable efficient and reliable measurements. Such Also once such research has been achieved, it will need to be integrated together in order to produce results and dietary signatures recommendations. All of these technologies are examined in specific cells, tissues and organisms and still in this way the manner by which nutrition influences process of development.</font></p><p><font color="#002bb8000000">homeostasis&nbsp;</font> is investigated. Genes which are affected by differing levels of nutrients need first to be identified and then their </p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#002bb8000000">regulationReferences</font> is studied. Differences in this regulation as a result of differences in genes between individuals are also studied. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-3"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></p><p>It is hoped that by building up knowledge in this area, nutrigenomics will promote an increased understanding of how nutrition influences <font color="#002bb8">metabolic pathways</font> and homeostatic control, which will then be used to prevent the development of <font color="#002bb8">chronic</font> diet related diseases such as <font color="#002bb8">obesity</font> and <font color="#002bb8">type two diabetes</font>. Part of the approach of nutrigenomics involves finding <font color="#002bb8">markers</font> of the early phase of diet related diseases; this is the phase at which <font color="#002bb8">intervention</font> with nutrition can return the patient to <font color="#002bb8">health</font>. As nutrigenomics seeks to understand the effect of different <font color="#002bb8">genetic predispositions</font> in the development of such diseases, once a <font color="#002bb8">marker</font> has been found and measured in an individual, the extent to which they are <font color="#002bb8">susceptible</font> to the development of that disease will be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be given for that person.</p><p>The aims of nutrigenomics also includes being able to demonstrate the effect of <font color="#002bb8">bioactive</font> food compounds on health and the effect of health foods on health, which should lead to the development of <font color="#002bb8">functional foods</font> that will keep people healthy according to their individual needs.</p><p>Nutrigenomics is a rapidly emerging science still in its beginning stages. It is uncertain whether the tools to study protein expression and metabolite production have been developed to the point as to enable efficient and reliable measurements. Also once such research has been achieved, it will need to be integrated together in order to produce results and dietary recommendations. All of these technologies are still in the process of development.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>

<li id="cite_note-0"><strong><font color="#002bb8000000">^</fontstrong>^</strong> Chavez A, Munoz de Chavez M (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics in public health nutrition:</em> short-term perspectives<em>&quot;. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57(Suppl. 1)97-100</em> </font> </li> <li id="cite_note-muller-1"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">b</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">c</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">d</font></strong></em>} M&uuml;ller M, Kersten S. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics: Goals and Perspectives.</em>&quot;. Nature Reviews Genetics 4. 315 -322 </font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><font color="#002bb8000000">^</fontstrong>^</strong> Trayhurn P. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutritional genomics-&quot;Nutrigenomics&quot;</em>&quot;. British Journal Nutrition. 89:1-2 </font></li>

<p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Articles</font></span></h3>

<li><font color="#000000">Kaput J, Perlina A, Hatipoglu B, Bartholomew A, Nikolsky Y. <font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nutrigenomics: concepts and applications to pharmacogenomics and clinical medicine&quot;</font> Pharmacogenomics. 8(4) 2007 </font></li>

<p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2>

<li><font color="#002bb8000000">Diet (nutrition)</font> </li> <li><font color="#002bb8000000">Nutritional genomics</font> </li> <li><font color="#002bb8000000">Public Health Genomics</font> </li>

<p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">External links</font></span></h2>

<li><a class="external text" title="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu" rel="nofollow" href="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/"><font color="#3366bb000000">Center for Nutritional Genomics, University of California, Davis multi-disciplinary research in nutritional genomics</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nugo.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nugo.org/"><font color="#3366bb000000">NuGO - the European Nutrigenomics Organisation</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz/"><font color="#3366bb000000">The New Zealand Nutrigenomics Collaboration</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html"><font color="#3366bb000000">ISNN - International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics</font></a> </lifont color="#000000"></ulfont><ul/li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf"><font color="#3366bb000000">&quot;Genetic Variation and Dietary Response&quot; from World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol. 80</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font> </li>