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Created page with "<h1>Gene therapy</h1> <p> </p> <p>Gene therapy using an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenovirus" title="Adenovirus">adenovirus</a> vector. In some case..."
<h1>Gene therapy</h1>
<p> </p>
<p>Gene therapy using an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenovirus" title="Adenovirus">adenovirus</a> vector. In some cases, the adenovirus will insert the new gene into a cell. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make a functional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> to treat a disease.</p>
<p>In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> field, <strong>gene therapy</strong> (also called <strong>human gene transfer</strong>) is the therapeutic delivery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> into a patient's cells as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutical_drug" title="Biopharmaceutical drug">drug</a> to treat disease.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The first attempt at modifying human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> was performed in 1980 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cline" title="Martin Cline">Martin Cline</a>, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, was performed in May 1989.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The first therapeutic use of gene transfer as well as the first direct insertion of human DNA into the nuclear genome was performed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Anderson" title="French Anderson">French Anderson</a> in a trial starting in September 1990.</p>
<p>Between 1989 and February 2016, over 2,300 clinical trials were conducted, with more than half of them in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research" title="Phases of clinical research">phase I</a>.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-JGenMed_Database-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
<p>Not all medical procedures that introduce alterations to a patient's genetic makeup can be considered gene therapy. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplantation" title="Bone marrow transplantation">Bone marrow transplantation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplants" title="Organ transplants">organ transplants</a> in general have been found to introduce foreign DNA into patients.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Gene therapy is defined by the precision of the procedure and the intention of direct therapeutic effect.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Gene therapy using an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenovirus" title="Adenovirus">adenovirus</a> vector. In some cases, the adenovirus will insert the new gene into a cell. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make a functional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> to treat a disease.</p>
<p>In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> field, <strong>gene therapy</strong> (also called <strong>human gene transfer</strong>) is the therapeutic delivery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> into a patient's cells as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutical_drug" title="Biopharmaceutical drug">drug</a> to treat disease.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The first attempt at modifying human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> was performed in 1980 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cline" title="Martin Cline">Martin Cline</a>, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, was performed in May 1989.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The first therapeutic use of gene transfer as well as the first direct insertion of human DNA into the nuclear genome was performed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Anderson" title="French Anderson">French Anderson</a> in a trial starting in September 1990.</p>
<p>Between 1989 and February 2016, over 2,300 clinical trials were conducted, with more than half of them in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research" title="Phases of clinical research">phase I</a>.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-JGenMed_Database-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
<p>Not all medical procedures that introduce alterations to a patient's genetic makeup can be considered gene therapy. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplantation" title="Bone marrow transplantation">Bone marrow transplantation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplants" title="Organ transplants">organ transplants</a> in general have been found to introduce foreign DNA into patients.<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Gene therapy is defined by the precision of the procedure and the intention of direct therapeutic effect.</p>