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<pstyle="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:26px"><strong>What is Model organism?</strong></span></p>

<p><strong><span style="font-size:11px">A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the&nbsp;expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.&nbsp;The reason why I am writing about model organism is that I am study about the DNA repair mutant zebrafish. So I&#39;m very curious about the model organisms such as c. elegans , e.coli, or drosophila, xenopus and&nbsp;mouse and so on .</span></strong></p>

<p>왜 MODEL ORGANISM 에 대해 ESSAY 쓰는지&nbsp;</p>

<p>장점&nbsp;<span style="font-size:11px"><strong>Which characteristics are good for model organism?</strong></span></p>

<p>단점<span style="font-size:11px">1. Small, easy and cheap to maintain and manipulate</span></p>

<p><strongspan style="font-size:11px">Which characteristics are good for model organism?2. Short lifespan</strongspan></p>

<p>1<span style="font-size:11px">3. Small, easy and cheap to maintain and manipulateProduce large numbers of offspring</span></p>

<p>2<span style="font-size:11px">4. Short lifespanDevelopment is external</span></p>

<p>3<span style="font-size:11px">5. Produce large numbers Availability of offspringmutants</span></p>

<p>4<span style="font-size:11px">6. Development is externalLots of history/previous experiments and discoveries</span></p>

<p>5<span style="font-size:11px">7. Availability of mutantsGenome is sequences</span></p>

<p>6<span style="font-size:11px">8. Lots of historyHomologues for with&nbsp;human disease genes are high percentage.&nbsp;</previous experiments and discoveriesspan></p>

<p>7<span style="font-size:11px">9. Genome is sequences&nbsp;Fewer ethical concerns</span></p>

<p>8. Homologues for with&nbsp;human disease genes are high percentage.&nbsp;</p>

<p>9.&nbsp;Fewer ethical concerns<strong><span style="font-size:11px">Why is model organism research useful for studying disease?</span></strong></p>

<p><strongspan style="font-size:11px">1The natural course of a disease in a human may take dozens of years. Simple organisms that can develop a disease or some of its symptoms make it possible for researchers to learn about the disease faster&mdash;in a period of months to a few years. That would be nearly impossible, and often unethical, to do in humans. Viruses</strongspan></p>

<p><strongspan style="font-size:11px">Phage lambda / Phi X 174 / SV40 / T4 Phage / Tobacco mosaic virus / Herpes simplex virusWhen scientists discover that a particular gene is associated with a disease in humans, one of the first things they typically do is find out what that gene does in a model organism. This often provides important clues for understanding the cause of a disease and for developing potential diagnostic tests and treatments.</strongspan></p>

<p><strong>2. Prokaryotes</strong>&nbsp;</p>

<ph2><strong>Bacillus subtilis <span style="font-size:11px">How has model organism research impacted human health?</ E.coli / Caulobacter crescentus / Mycoplasma genitalium / Aliivibrio fischeri / Synechocytis / Psedomonas fluorescens &nbsp; &nbsp;span></strong></ph2>

<ph2><strongspan style="font-size:11px">3Yeast studies sorted out the orderly sequence of events, called the cell cycle, in which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two. EukaryotesThis information has benefited millions of people, since many drugs used to treat cancer act by interfering with the cell cycle.</span><br /strong>&nbsp;</ph2>

<ph2><strongspan style="font-size:11px">3 - 1Experiments performed with yeast have also clarified how genes are turned on or off. This knowledge explains how cells that contain the same genes can be so different from one another, which has advanced understanding of both normal developmental processes and diseases that occur when genes are turned on or off at the wrong time or in the wrong cell. Protists</strongspan><br />&nbsp;</ph2>

<ph2><strongspan style="font-size:11px">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Studies in fruit flies and tiny worms taught scientists key aspects of how fertilized eggs develop into complex organisms. In the course of these studies, researchers made unanticipated discoveries, such as learning that genetically controlled cell death plays a critical role in cancer and other diseases.</ Dictyostelium discoideum span><br / Tetrahymena thermophila &nbsp;/ Emiliania huxleyi >&nbsp;/ Thalassiosira pseudonana&nbsp;</strong></ph2>

<ph2><strongspan style="font-size:11px">3 - 2Research with bacteria, viruses and yeast has revealed how all living things pass on their genes to offspring through copying DNA and fixing mistakes that get made during the copying process. Fungi</strongspan></ph2>

<ph2><strongspan style="font-size:11px">Ashbya gossypii / Aspergillus nidulans / Coprinus cinereus / Cryptococcus neoformans /&nbsp;Neurospora crassa / &nbsp;Saccharomyces cerevisiae / &nbsp;Schizophyllum commune / Schizosaccharomyces pombe / Ustilago maydis&nbsp;Laboratory rats have been used for many decades to test drugs. In addition, much of what we know about cancer-causing molecules was learned through basic research with rats.</strongspan></ph2>

<ph2><strongspan style="font-size:11px">3 - 3Mice can be genetically engineered to serve as models of Lou Gehrig&#39;s disease and many other human illnesses. Plants</strongspan></ph2>

<p><strongspan style="font-size:11px">Arabidopsis thaliana / The genus&nbsp;Boechera &nbsp;/ Selaginella moellendorffii / Brachypodium distachyon &nbsp;/ Setaria viridis &nbsp;/ Lotus japonicus &nbsp;/ Lemna gibba / Maize /&nbsp;Medicago truncatula &nbsp;/ Mimulus guttatus / Nicotiana benthamiana &nbsp;/ Tobacco BY-2 cells &nbsp;/ Rice &nbsp;/ Physcomitrella patens / Marchantia polymorpha / Populus&nbsp;Insects such as fruit flies and honeybees are important models for learning how genes and the environment interact to affect behavior.</strongspan></p>

<p><strongspan style="font-size:11px">3 - 4Studies with fruit flies, bread mold, bacteria and mice have defined the basic rules of circadian clocks, which drive daily biological rhythms, and revealed connections between these clocks and sleep deprivation, obesity, diabetes, depression and other human health conditions. Animals</strongspan><br />&nbsp;</p>

<p><strongspan style="font-size:11px">3 - 4Research in worms has yielded important information about aging. This research is very difficult to do in people and other organisms that have long life spans. 1 Invertebrates</strongspan></p>

<p><strongspan style="font-size:11px">Caenorhabditis elegans / Amphimedon queenslandica / Arbacia punctulata / Aplysia / Branchiostoma floridae</strong>&nbsp;/Model organism research has produced many powerful tools used by scientists all over the world. Examples include&nbsp;<strong>Caledia captiva &nbsp;a href="https:/ Callosobruchus maculatus /&nbsp;Chorthippus parallelus www.nigms.nih.gov/ Ciona intestinalis education/ Daphnia spp Pages/ Coelopidae factsheet-rnai.aspx">RNA interference</ Diopsidae / Drosophila / Euprymna scolopes / Galleria mellonella / Gryllus bimaculatusa>, / Hydra / Loligo pealei / Macrostomum lignano / Mnemiopsis leidyi / Nematostella vectensis / Oikopleura dioica / Oscarella carmela / Parhyale hawaiensis / Platynereis dumerilii &nbsp;/ Podisma&nbsp;spp / Pristionchus pacificus /Scathophaga stercoraria / Schmidtea mediterranea &nbsp;/ Stomatogastric ganglion / Strongylocentrotus purpuratus / Symsagittifera roscoffensis / Tribolium castaneum / Trichoplax adhaerens / Tubifex tubifexDNA chips and genome-wide scanning methods. These tools are now being used in human health studies.</strongspan></p>

<ph2><strong>3 <span style="font- 4. 2 Vertebratessize:11px">What more can model organism research tell us?</span></strong></ph2>

<p><strongspan style="font-size:11px">Laboratory&nbsp;mice / &nbsp;Bombina&nbsp;bombina / Bombina variegata / Carolina anole&nbsp;(Anolis carolinensis) / Cat&nbsp;(Felis sylvestris catus) / Chicken&nbsp;(Gallus gallus domesticus) / Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) / Dog&nbsp;(Canis lupus familiaris) / Golden hamster&nbsp;(Mesocricetus auratus) / Guinea pig&nbsp;(Cavia porcellus) / Little brown bat&nbsp;(Myotis lucifugus) / Medaka (Oryzias latipesScientists still do not have a good understanding of biological complexity, or Japanese ricefish) / Mouse (Mus musculus) / Naked mole-ratin which many molecular networks operate in synchrony inside our bodies. Researchers are mapping these networks in bacteria, (Heterocephalus glaber) / Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) / Poecilia reticulata / Rat (Rattus norvegicus) / &nbsp;rhesus monkey / Sea lamprey&nbsp;(Petromyzon marinus) / &nbsp;Takifugu (Takifugu rubripesyeast and other model organisms, a&nbsp;pufferfish) / Three-spined stickleback&nbsp;(Gasterosteus aculeatus) / Xenopus tropicalis &nbsp;/ Xenopus laevis / Zebra finch&nbsp;(Taeniopygia guttata) / Zebrafish&nbsp;(Danio rerioand those studies will be instructive for creating working models of how cells, a freshwater fish)organs and tissues function in people.</strongspan></p>

<p>Current Models<span style="font-size:11px">Model organisms can also help reveal changes at the molecular level that are associated with diseases and identify diseases that are related to one another even though they initially may not appear to be. If there is already a drug to treat one of the diseases, scientists can then explore whether it might work for the related ones, as well.</span></p>

<ph2>Drosophila &nbsp;<span style="font-size:22px">These are the representative model organisms<// &nbsp;Xenopus // Zebrafish // Mouse // C. elegans // Yeast // E. coli // Arabidopsisspan></ph2>

<p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>References&nbsp;1. Viruses</strong></span></p>

<p><strong>1.&nbsp;</strongspan style="font-size:11px"><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wikiPhage lambda /Model_organism" rel="nofollow">https:Phi X 174 /SV40 /en.wikipedia.orgT4 Phage /wikiTobacco mosaic virus /Model_organismHerpes simplex virus</astrong></strongspan></p>

<p><strong>2.&nbsp;<a hrefspan style="httpsfont-size://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms" rel="nofollow11px">https://en<strong>2.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organismsProkaryotes</astrong></strongspan></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>Bacillus subtilis / E.coli / Caulobacter crescentus / Mycoplasma genitalium / Aliivibrio fischeri / Synechocytis / Psedomonas fluorescens &nbsp; &nbsp;</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>3. Eukaryotes</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>3 - 1. Protists</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / Dictyostelium discoideum / Tetrahymena thermophila &nbsp;/ Emiliania huxleyi &nbsp;/ Thalassiosira pseudonana&nbsp;</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>3- 2.Fungi</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>Ashbya gossypii / Aspergillus nidulans / Coprinus cinereus / Cryptococcus neoformans /&nbsp;Neurospora crassa / &nbsp;Saccharomyces cerevisiae / &nbsp;Schizophyllum commune / Schizosaccharomyces pombe / Ustilago maydis&nbsp;</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>3 - 3. Plants</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>Arabidopsis thaliana / The genus&nbsp;Boechera &nbsp;/ Selaginella moellendorffii / Brachypodium distachyon &nbsp;/ Setaria viridis &nbsp;/ Lotus japonicus &nbsp;/ Lemna gibba / Maize /&nbsp;Medicago truncatula &nbsp;/ Mimulus guttatus / Nicotiana benthamiana &nbsp;/ Tobacco BY-2 cells &nbsp;/ Rice &nbsp;/ Physcomitrella patens / Marchantia polymorpha / Populus&nbsp;</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>3 - 4. Animals</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>3 - 4. 1 Invertebrates</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>Caenorhabditis elegans / Amphimedon queenslandica / Arbacia punctulata / Aplysia / Branchiostoma floridae</strong>&nbsp;/&nbsp;<strong>Caledia captiva &nbsp;/ Callosobruchus maculatus /&nbsp;Chorthippus parallelus / Ciona intestinalis / Daphnia spp / Coelopidae / Diopsidae / Drosophila / Euprymna scolopes / Galleria mellonella / Gryllus bimaculatus, / Hydra / Loligo pealei / Macrostomum lignano / Mnemiopsis leidyi / Nematostella vectensis / Oikopleura dioica / Oscarella carmela / Parhyale hawaiensis / Platynereis dumerilii &nbsp;/ Podisma&nbsp;spp / Pristionchus pacificus /Scathophaga stercoraria / Schmidtea mediterranea &nbsp;/ Stomatogastric ganglion / Strongylocentrotus purpuratus / Symsagittifera roscoffensis / Tribolium castaneum / Trichoplax adhaerens / Tubifex tubifex</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>3 - 4. 2 Vertebrates</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>Laboratory&nbsp;mice / &nbsp;Bombina&nbsp;bombina / Bombina variegata / Carolina anole&nbsp;(Anolis carolinensis) / Cat&nbsp;(Felis sylvestris catus) / Chicken&nbsp;(Gallus gallus domesticus) / Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) / Dog&nbsp;(Canis lupus familiaris) / Golden hamster&nbsp;(Mesocricetus auratus) / Guinea pig&nbsp;(Cavia porcellus) / Little brown bat&nbsp;(Myotis lucifugus) / Medaka (Oryzias latipes, or Japanese ricefish) / Mouse (Mus musculus) / Naked mole-rat, (Heterocephalus glaber) / Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) / Poecilia reticulata / Rat (Rattus norvegicus) / &nbsp;rhesus monkey / Sea lamprey&nbsp;(Petromyzon marinus) / &nbsp;Takifugu (Takifugu rubripes, a&nbsp;pufferfish) / Three-spined stickleback&nbsp;(Gasterosteus aculeatus) / Xenopus tropicalis &nbsp;/ Xenopus laevis / Zebra finch&nbsp;(Taeniopygia guttata) / Zebrafish&nbsp;(Danio rerio, a freshwater fish)</strong></span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:11px">Current Models</span></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px">Drosophila &nbsp;// &nbsp;Xenopus // Zebrafish // Mouse // C. elegans // Yeast // E. coli // Arabidopsis</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>References&nbsp;</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>1.&nbsp;</strong><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism</a></strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>2.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_model_organisms</a></strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>3.&nbsp;https://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Pages/modelorg_factsheet.aspx</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11px"><strong>4.&nbsp;http://wormclassroom.org/teaching-model-organisms</strong></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>